1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Articulations

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each. Describe the structure of a synovial joint. Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton. List the types of synovial joint, and discuss the relationship of structure to function in each.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Describe the structure and function of the vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints. Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility. Describe the effects of aging on the joints.

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 9-1 A Classification of Joints

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulations Where two bones interconnect Immovable joints Synarthroses, or bony Slightly moveable joints Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous Freely moveable joints Diarthroses, or synovial Articulations

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synarthroses (immovable joints) Four major types Suture = skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge Syntosis = two bones completely fused

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints) Two major types Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diarthroses (freely movable joints) Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid Structures include Menisci Fat pads Accessory ligaments Bursae

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.1 The Structure of a Synovial Joint Figure 9.1

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 9-2 Articular Form and Function

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dynamic motion Linear motion Angular motion Rotation Joints classified based on type of motion permitted Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial Dynamic motion

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion Figure 9.2

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gliding motion Two surfaces slide past one another Angular motion Flexion, extension, hyperextension Abduction, adduction Circumduction Types of movement

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.3 Angular Movements Figure 9.3 Animation: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension PLAY

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Left or right Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Pronation or supination in the bones of the forearm only Rotational movement

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4a,b Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4c Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movements of the foot Inversion and eversion Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion Movements of the thumb Opposition Special movement

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protraction moves a structure anteriorly Retraction moves a structure posteriorly Elevation moves a structure superiorly Depression moves a structure inferiorly Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side Other movements

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.5 Special Movements Figure 9.5

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting angular motion in one plane Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit rotation Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one bone in an oval depression of another Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave and one convex bone face Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation and other movements Structural classification of joints

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6 Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6 Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints Animation: Joint Motion PLAY

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 9-3 Representative Articulations

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gliding joints Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints cushioned by intervertebral discs Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus Stabilized by ligaments Intervertebral articulations

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.7 Intervertevbral Articulations Figure 9.7

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.8 Damage to the Intervertebral Discs Figure 9.8

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glenoid cavity and head of humerus Ball and socket diarthroses Stabilized by ligaments Strength and stability sacrificed for range of motion Shoulder joint (glenohumoral joint)

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint Figure 9.9a

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint Figure 9.9b

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Permits only flexion and extension Hinge diarthroses Reinforced with strong ligaments The elbow joint Animation: Clavicle & Scapula PLAY

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ball and socket diarthroses Acetabulum and head of femur Permits flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, circumduction, rotation Stabilized by numerous ligaments Hip joint

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.11 The Hip Joint Figure 9.11

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hinge joint with incomplete articular capsule Formed by the condyles of the femur and the condylar surfaces of the tibia Accessory structures help stabilize lateral movements Permits flexion/extension, limited rotation Supported by ligaments Knee joint Animation: Hip PLAY

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint Figure 9.12a, b

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint Figure 9.12c, d

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 9-4 Aging and Articulations

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joint problems associated with aging Relatively common Rheumatism – general term for pain and stiffness in muscular and skeletal elements Arthritis – all rheumatic diseases affecting synovial joints Joint problems with aging

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 9-5 Bones and Muscles

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Encompasses the extensive interactions between the muscular and skeletal systems Musculoskeletal system

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The major categories of joints, and the relationship between structure and function for each. The structure of a synovial joint. The dynamic movements of the skeleton. The types of synovial joint, and the relationship of structure to function in each.

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The structure and function of the vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints. The relationship between joint strength and mobility. The effects of aging on the joints.