2.  S.A. was colonized by the Dutch in the 1600’s  British in the 1700 and 1800’s  The Dutch moved north and established areas outside British control  Boer Wars in 1900, Brits takeover – SA is British colony.  SA achieves independence from Brits in 1931

3.  Ownership of land by blacks is restricted  Segregation is practiced informally  “Pass laws” control movement of native people  Afrikaners and Brits agree on “white power”

4. Dominate political party in S.A. from 1948 Set up Apartheid to strip power from all non-whites in S.A. Made sure economic power was taken away as well Party disbanded in 2005

5.  Set up as “Homelands” for blacks in S.A.  These were “independent” black nations within S.A.  Blacks were stripped of their S.A. citizenship and voting rights

6.  Illegal black settlements near cities  Tolerated because economy depended on cheap black labor  High poverty  High crime

7.  Non-Whites couldn’t own or operate businesses in white areas  Transportation and civil facilities were segregated  Blacks couldn’t work or live in white areas without permission and a passbook  Passbooks were not given to spouses or children, this forced families to split up  Police vans patrolled the streets for blacks to deport to the Bantustans  Hospitals were segregated and whites had better care

9.  Schools for blacks were given 10% of the money as schools for whites  Education for blacks only covered basic skills.  Chance for a college education was limited  Beaches and swimming pools were segregated. No pools for blacks  Blacks couldn’t hire whites, and black police couldn’t arrest whites  Churches, movies, toilets, parks, ect were segregated

10.  Lead the resistance to Apartheid  Formed strikes, protests and marches  Sharpeville 1960 - Police open fire on peaceful protest killing 60  S.A. forced the ANC underground in the early 60’s  This lead to the ANC using violence as a tactic

12.  Major leader of the ANC  He was put in jail for life in 1964  He was freed in the early 1990’s and became the 1st president of S.A. after Apartheid was dismantled

14.  The white govt. passed a law requiring the Afrikaans language to be used in all schools, both black and white  There were protests by students and the police shot 16 of them to death  This lead to riots and the death of Steven Biko.

15. Biko was an anti-Apartheid activist Who died in police custody in 1977. He is seen as a hero in the struggle Against Apartheid. He was beaten so badly, he went into a coma. The police left him to die His family was paid $25 grand as compensation

16.  Roughly 15% - 20% of whites opposed Apartheid and voted for liberal political parties  “Banning”- Those who opposed gov’t policy were put under house arrest. Could not communicate with the outside world

17.  1962-UN condemns Apartheid  1970’s  Investors boycott S.A.  Arms Embargo  Olympic team is banned  1980’s USA and G.B. agree to economic sanctions against S.A.

18.  Both saw S.A. as a buffer against communism in Africa  Preferred “constructive engagement” not sanctions  Maggie claimed the ANC was a “terrorist” organization

19.  Many companies refused to deal with S.A.  The US Congress passed sanctions overriding Reagan’s veto  Musicians recorded and anti-Apartheid record and boycotted playing in the country  The end of the Cold War made the threat of communism less real

20.  Violence spread, including the practice of placing burning tires around the necks of blacks who “collaborated” with the whites  Neo-Nazi groups advocated killing blacks  The ANC approved more bombings  Many black townships refused to cooperate with the gov.t and large numbers of troops were brought in

21.  The country became ungovernable  The S.A. President said the nation must change  A whites only referendum called for change  In 1990, President DeKlerk made his unbanning speech that announced and end of discriminatory laws and made the ANC legal. Mandela was also let out of jail  In 1993 a new constitution that ended all forms of apartheid was put into place

22.  Controls industry, limits supply, creates demand

23.  Charles Taylor of Liberia supported rebels in Sierra Leone in exchange for diamonds to conduct a civil war in his own country.  UN Sanctions, prosecutions and diamond industry working to stop this practice

24.  The nation got a new flag and anthem  There were peaceful democratic elections that included all races  The ANC became the main party in S.A.  Mandela was elected President of S.A  Both he and DeKlerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

25.  Truth and Reconciliation Commission  It was a chance for victims of oppression and oppressors to air grievances and amend for mistakes  It helped the put aside the past and move forward as a nation  Critics said it let off the guilty with little or no punishment

26.  90% of the poor in S.A. are black  Affirmative action  HIV (1 in 7 infected)  Crime and gang violence  Rape at epidemic rates  Still, there has been progress and S.A. showed that a nation can change.