1. Brought to you by the wonderful, brilliant, beautiful people of APWH 
ISLAM
Brought to you by the wonderful, brilliant, beautiful people of APWH 

2. SASSANID EMPIRE

3. Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E) History:
Ardashir, a descendent of an ancestor named Sasan, defeated the Parthians around 224 C.E and established the Sassanid Empire.
He established Zoroastrianism as the official religion of this empire.
Ardashir I further expanded his new empire to the east and northwest, conquering the provinces of Sistan, Gorgan, Khorasan, Margiana (modern Turkmenistan), Balkh, and Chorasmia.

4. Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E) Culture:
Zoroastrianism was the main religion of the Sassanid Empire.
Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion which is directed under one god: Ahura Mazda.
Built fire temples to promote Zoroastrianism among the Empire.
Encouraged marriage with people of the same faith, but wasn’t a requirement of the religion.
As expressions and aspects of Creation, Ahura Mazda emanated seven "sparks", the Amesha Spentas ("Bounteous Immortals"), that are each the hypostasis and representative of one aspect of that Creation.

5. Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E) Life:
Society was divided into four classes: priests, warriors, secretaries, commoners.
At the center of the caste system was the Shahanshah who ruled over all the nobles in the Sassanid Empire.
Created works of silver, and silk fabrics which was testify to the sedentary lifestyle of the warrior elite.
Sassanid farmers pioneered in planting cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus trees, eggplants and other crops adopted from India and China.

6. MUHAMMAD AND ORIGINS OF ISLAM

7. Muhammad (Peace Be Unto Him)
The man behind the turban

8. Who is this mystery man? Muhammad = “worthy of praise”
Born in 570 in Mecca to a prominent family
Orphaned and lived w/ uncle
Married Khadija (15 yrs older) – had lots of kids
According to Islamic tradition, he received his first revelation in a cave that he retreated to for meditation in the month of Ramadan
Three years later, he began publically preaching these revelations
Migrated to Medina to escape persecution in 622 (This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar)
By his death in 632, he united most of Arabia under Islam
frequently retreated to Mount Hira to meditate and consider his spirituality (oooh)
Who is this mystery man?
This is Mount Hira.

9. How did this mystery come about? AKA the Origins of Islam
Muhammad went and sat in a cave, thinking about life
The Angel Gabriel gave him a message from God
According to Islam, God gives Qur’an through angel Gabriel to prophet Muhammad.
Thus, Qur’an is believed to be the perfect words of Allah.
The followers becomes a Muslim, meaning one who makes Islam, or “submission,” to the will of God.
Then they wrote down all the words and made the Qur’an.

10. BELIEFS OF ISLAM

11. Islamic Beliefs Five Pillars of Islam: Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Fasting (Sawm)
Almsgiving (Zakat)
Prayer (Salam)
One God and Muhammad is his Messenger (Shahada)

12. Islamic Practices Followers of Islam and known as Muslims
Varies from Sects of Islam
Sunni
Namaz five times a day
Shiites (Depends on sect of Shiites)
Dua three times a day
Fasting
Month of Ramadan (Lunar Calendar)
Also includes acts of prayer and devotion at night.

13. THE CALIPHS: SUCCESSORS TO MUHAMMAD

14. The role of the Caliph
The caliphs -political leaders of the Muslim community in the earlier eras of Islamic history: SUCCESSORS TO MUHAMMAD
Unites all Muslim nations, is only system that is fully approved by Muslim theology.
Caliphs are chosen differently:
Sunnis believed that Caliphs should be chosen by election by Muslim representatives.
Shiites believed that the Caliph should be an Imam descended in a line from the Ahl al-Bayt, or the descendents of Ali.

15. The origins of the Caliphate
The caliphate was the result of Muhammad‘s death. There was a need for a successor.
The first 4 Caliphs were Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman, and Ali
After the death of Ali, Islam branched into Sunnis, Shi’ites, and Kharjites.
Kharjites rebelled from the system itself because of Ali’s acceptance of arbitration.
Kharjites claim righteousness for themselves.
Today all three divisions of Islam still exist, though the majority of Muslims are Sunni or Shi’ite.

16. The continuation of the Caliphate
The caliphate lasted from 632 to 1258 C.E.
the line of Caliphs: the original 4 caliphs, followed by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
System inactive since 1920s; reestablishment suggested by some groups
Peaceful and forceful methods have been used to push reestablishment; Al-Queda is an example of a violent activist group, and Hizb Ut-Tahrir is an example of a peaceful activist group
The continuation of the Caliphate

17. Abu Bakr
Continued and confirmed Five Pillars of Islam:
(1) avowal of a single god and Muhammad as is messenger
(2) prayer x5 every day
(3) fasting during lunar month (Ramadan)
(4) paying alms
(5) making pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during life
Father of Muhammad’s favorite wife and one of earliest believers of Islam
Succeeded Muhammad as caliph
Quelled the Bedouin revolt called the Ridda and realized the need to expand territory beyond Arabian peninsula
Started hostilities against the Byzantines and Sassanids
Ordered secretaries of Muhammad to organize the Prophet’s revelations into a book: the Quran

18. Umar
Another of Muhammad’s fathers-in-law; appointed by Abu Bakr
Added title Amir al-Mu'minin, “Commander of the Faithful,” to his title to signify that the caliphs were spiritual as well as political leaders
Focused on expanding the Islamic territory beyond the Arabian Peninsula
Conquered lands: Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and much of Persia
Kharaj and jizya taxes, tax on landowners and peasants and tax on non-Muslims to practice own religion, respectively

19. Assassinated by Egyptians
Uthman Ibn Affan ( )
Standardized the Qu’ran
Faced many political difficulties
Some were mad that Ali did not get the caliph position
He promotion of his Umayyad kin brought about criticism
His attempt to establish a one true text of the Qu’ran- some thought he was tampering with the words of God
Assassinated by Egyptians

20. He was killed by Kharijites, essentially his own supporters.
Ali ( )
The majority of Muslims did not support him, but he still seized the post
Causing conflict amongst Muslims
Conflicts led to formation of 3 sects
Ali’s supporters were Shiites
Small number of the Shiites split off into another group called Kharijites
The rest majority of Muslims were Sunnis
He was killed by Kharijites, essentially his own supporters.

21. SPREAD OF ISLAM AND GEOGRAPHY

22. Geographical Spread of Islam
After Muhammad’s death, the empire began spreading beyond the Arabian Peninsula, reaching Iran and Egypt.
In the 8th century, the empire spread onto the Iberian Peninsula and Indus Valley reached the height of its power.
Religious tolerance was practiced because of the wide diversity throughout the empire.
Medina
Located on the western Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz Region).
Capital of the Islamic Empire until 661.
Oasis city- in the most fertile area of the Hejaz region.
Surrounded by hills and mountains.
Was originally known as Yathrib and occupied by Jewish refugees.
Mecca
Located in the desert.
No vegetation except cacti.
Climate was hot and dry with limited water sources.
City has less undulation- Very easy to access- for pilgrimages.

23. The Spread of Islam
Muhammad’s Hometown - Mecca: Lies in barren mountain valley between Yemen, Syria, and Red Sea coast of Arabia
Hijra- “the flight” from Mecca to Medina (“the City of the Prophet”) because Islam was not widely accepted
-Marks turning point of Islam and is the beginning date on Islamic calendars
Islam kept strong with nationalism in the Arabic world and is still rapidly spreading

24. Geography of the Arabian Peninsula
Mostly dominated by desert.
Southern end of peninsula has more rainfall because of monsoons.
Has coastal plains and several oasis in the east.
Mountain ranges to the southwest.
Varying climate by region, but has limited rainfall and high temperatures throughout most of the area.

25. Arabian Peninsula Geography
Enormous seas of sand- ”Empty Quarter”- isolating inner Arabia
-Southern regions knew more about Africa, India, and Persian Gulf
-Exceptions were caravan traders
Geography
Includes the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Northern Africa, and the majority of Spain
Called Arabian Subcontinent because on top of tectonic plates
Central Plateau with fertile valleys and pastures
Range of deserts in north
Stretches of dry and marshy coastland with coral reefs on Red Sea
Range of mountains west of Red Sea

26. Expansion of Islam
Beginning of Islam

27. RISE AND FALL OF UMAYYAD AND ABBASID EMPIRES27

28. Umayyad The first Islamic dynasty in 661-750.
After an agreement with Muhammad in 630, succeeded in preserving their economic influence and gradually reintegrated into the political power structure.
Abd al-Malik succeeded in consolidating Umayyad rule, and proceeded with a series of administrative reforms including the conversion of the bureaucracy from Greek to Arabic, and the minting of new currency.
Abbasid eventually succeeded in toppling the last Umayyad caliph, Mar wan II, in 750. 28

29. Abbasid
Rose in the year 750 to replace the Umayyad dynasty by uniting several groups which had grievances against the Umayyad.
Had a direct familiar tie to Mohammed.
Dynasty lasted 500 years until it was wiped out by a grandson of Genghis Khan.
Major cause of fall of the dynasty was failure to find a good solution to the difficult problem of holding together a very large empire in the fairly primitive circumstances of the early middle ages. 29

30. RISE AND FALL OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

31. Rise of Ottoman Empire 1299 – 1923 C.E.
It was the largest and the most influential Muslim empire.
Primarily located in the Mediterranean. It spread into Europe. They arose from Anatolia.
Sultan Suleiman was the greatest leader because he expanded the empire and caused a lot of cultural history. Absolute power
Capital: Istanbul
Centralized government
Large international trade center/routes- basis of economy
Ghazi emirates made up Turkish Anatolia
Osman I expanded his emirate towards Byzantine
Decline in Serbian influence allowed Ottoman to expand
Conquered Constantinople cementing its position of power 31

32. Height of power
Spanned three countries (Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. )
Had 29 provinces
Also had control oversea lands
Constantinople (Istanbul) is the capital
Had Islamic cultures
Military was key in advancing the Empire
Islamic state, but tolerant towards other monotheistic religions
Government run by religious law
Taxed on all goods passing in and out of the empire

33. Fall of Ottoman Empire
Territorial, economic, and cultural growth stopped in 1566
The decline was because of a population increase and a refusal to modernize society (Economic structure failure)
It’s diverse region means that a single economy cannot meet the needs of all of them
Also during World War I they sided with the central power
Once the central powers were defeated, the Ottomans retreated to Anatolia
Then they soon feel apart and that part became Turkey

35. SAFAVID EMPIRE

36. SAFAVID EMPIRE! 1502-1722 Beginnings and Society/Religion
The Empire started as a group of people from Turkish tribes and people of Shiite-Sufi descent.
It covered most of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia
Theocracy structure
State Religion: Shi’a Islam.
Economic strength came from trade and location.
The empire made Iran a center of art, architecture, poetry and philosophy.
The Empire ended when it became corrupt.
Beauracracy/Landowners
Shah
Commoners
The Monarchy was in the form of a triangle: Shah (the ruler), the bureaucracy and then the common people.
The Shahs were thought to be semi- divine and was also thought to have a direct connection to the prophet Muhammad.
The senior positions in the bureaucracy were appointed by merit, and were usually people from other countries. This decreased competition.
The Shahs had their faces printed on cups so the common people would think they were friends

37. A tale of two cities- Isfahan and Istanbul
+ Isfahan became the capital of Iran; 1598
+ Both cities looked physically different
+ Istanbul's harbor was the primary seaport
+ Isfahan was far from the sea, and only received European visitors rarely
+Both had similar characteristics; favored walking, women seldom appeared in public, streets were narrow, wives could retain property after marriage, and could appear in court. Everyone wore similar clothing.
+ Isfahan was not a true cosmopolitan
capital
Miniature of the Safavid Empire 

38. Economic Crisis and Political Collapse
Deep pile carpets were main source of foreign trade, but most people farmed or herded for a living
In the late 16th century, inflation from cheap silver spread to Iran, and trade declined because of silk monopoly mismanagement
The country couldn’t pay off the army or gov’t
Gov’t lost support from the nomads, since they tried to take the nomads’ land to pay off taxes
Gov’t became so weak that Afgans were able to capture Isfahan, leading to the end of Safavid rule

39. MUGHAL EMPIRE

40. Mughal Empire:
Under the Mughal rules India became united under one rule and had very prosperous cultural and political years.
Akbar- true founder of Mughal Empire. He created the establishment of an efficient administrative system that held the empire together and stimulated trade and economic development.
Religion: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi Madhab.
Gained significant conquests in the Deccan Plateau region.

41. Mughal Empire
Mansabs- A system of honorific ranks that defined each official’s position.
Adopted Hindu political rituals and customs to be accepted into Hindu society.
Arts flourished at this time; the most prominent achievements were in architecture, manuscript illustration, and painting.
Empire decline: Some of the regions under the Mughal’s control started to experience economic growth and in time felt that they were strong enough to stand alone. They refused to cooperate therefore with the Mughal’s and were often at arms as well.

42. IBN BATTUTA AND IBN SINA

43. IBN BATTUTA 1304-circa 1377 Islamic scholar and explorer
Famous for his travel accounts of the known Muslim world
Is said to have even traveled farther than Marco Polo

44. IBN SINA
One of the most famous Islamic philosopher and physician
Wrote scientific and medical books/encyclopedias
Considered to be one of the fathers of early medicine

45. ISLAMIC ARTS, MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY

46. Islamic Arts and Science
-Architecture: palaces, mosques.
-Calligraphy: Beautiful writing
-Discouraged the use of pictorial imagery
-Carpet weaving
-Astronomy: Unique to the Islamic faith, solve practical problems
-Many great philosophers

47. Medicine and Technology
Muslim hospitals pioneered the practices of diagnosis, cure, and future prevention.
Hospitals open 24 hrs.
Al-Razi: developed treatments for small pox and measles
Advancement in field of pharmacology
Advancement in Mathematics

48. Arts&Science Arts: Many artistic techniques adapted from the Romans.
Many schools were created, resulting in many educated scholars.
Invention of paper allowed for printing of books, which spread knowledge and education.
Works of philosophers such as Sophocles and Plato were translated into Arab and printed into books.
Ibn Haiyan: “Father of Chemistry” introduced experimental investigation and wrote books on chemistry and alchemy
Arts:
Many artistic techniques adapted from the Romans.
Made many sculptures made out of stucco
Used glass for cosmetics containers and bottles.
They used parchment from animals skins to write books, which were based on the format of the Qur`an.
Textiles: often made with expensive materials; covered buildings, furnishings, and mosques.

49. Medicine&Technology Technology:
Advanced water cleaning systems and water transportation that resulted in better agriculture
Tar roads and pavements
Acequia: a waterway introduced by Spain
Built several dams
Development of paper allowed for printing of books
Medicine:
Doctors recorded down observations and created cures for many diseases.
Main Doctors- Ibn Riza (who wrote about measles and smallpox) and Ibn Nafis (who explained the circulatory system).

50. ISLAM IN THE MODERN WORLD

51. ISLAM TODAY  
The Islamic New Year begins on the day Muhammad left Mecca to travel to Medina.
Islam is the dominant religion in most Middle Eastern countries.
A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members.   A man may have up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may have only one husband.   Starting in the 20th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as polygamy, with varying success.