1. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Categories of Macromolecules What are Four Types of Macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

2. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Hydrogen & Oxygen in ratio of 2:1 Common Sources (Foods) of Carbohydrates Starches: Potatoes, Wheat, Barley Glycogen: Animal Liver

3. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Monosaccharides = Sub-Units (monomers) of Carbohydrates Ribose Fructose Glucose Monosaccharides can be classified based on C# Trioses = 3 Carbon Sugars Pentoses = 5 Carbon Sugars Hexoses = 6 Carbon Sugars

4. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides Starch (storage form of glucose in Plants) Glycogen (storage form of glucose in Animals) Cellulose (polymer of glucose in Plant Cell Walls)

5. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Monomer of Carbohydrate = Monosaccharide Dimer of Carbohydrate = Disaccharide Polymer of Carbohydrate = Polysaccharide

6. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012

7. Lipids What are Lipids? Lipid Terminology: Steroids – Waxes – Fatty Acids – Triglycerides – Oils vs. Fats Triglyceride that is Solid @ Room Temperature = Fat Triglyceride that is Liquid @ Room Temperature = Oil

8. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Formation of Triglycerides *If fatty acid chain contains double bond = Unsaturated If fatty acid chain does not contain double bond = Saturated

9. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Condensation vs. Hydrolysis Polymers of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are formed by Condensation Reactions Dehydration Synthesis Rxns, where water is removed to form bond between monomers Removal of –OH from 1 monomer, and Removal of –H from the other monomer Polymers are broken down to monomers through Hydrolysis Addition of water to break (lyse) bonds Giving an –OH to 1 monomer, and Giving a –H to 1 monomer

10. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Lipids vs. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are metabolized before lipids We burn Carbs faster Lipids are used for long-term energy storage, and contain twice as much energy per gram as carbs If diet is high in Carbs, then body spends time burning carbs and not fat. If diet is low in Carbs, then body spends time burning fat, AND produces more energy! **Lipids are Insoluble!** Insoluble = Nonpolar = Hydrophobic Soluble = Polar = Hydrophilic

11. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Monomer of Lipids = Fatty Acid Polymer of Lipids = Triglyceride

12. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Proteins Amino Acids Building Blocks (monomers) of Proteins All amino acids have the same basic structure, including an “R” group Composition of the “R” group is different for each one of the 20 amino acids “R” group can be either polar or non-polar; positively charged or negatively charged; a ring structure or a linear chain

13. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012

14. Peptides Amino Acids are also called Peptides Two Amino Acids can join to form a Dipeptide Many Amino Acids link to form a Polypeptide chain

15. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Monomer of Protein = Amino Acid (Peptide) Dimer of Protein = Dipeptide Polymer of Protein = Polypeptide

16. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Monomers of Nucleic Acids a Phosphate Group, a Sugar, a Nitrogenous Base

17. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Monomer of Nucleic Acids = Nucleotide Polymer of Nucleic Acids = DNA or RNA

18. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Functions of Nucleic Acids Storage of Genetic Information Heredity – Passage of Genetic Info. through Progeny DNA vs. RNA DNA stores the information RNA leads to the presentation of the information DNA is usually double stranded RNA is single stranded DNA has bases: A, T, G, C RNA has bases: A, U, G, C

19. MacromoleculesNovember 5 — 9, 2012 Deoxyribose vs. Ribose a)RNA nucleotides have the sugar Ribose There is an –OH on Carbon #2 b)DNA nucleotide has the sugar Deoxyribose (without oxygen) There is an –H on Carbon #2