1. 2.3 Carbon Based Molecules

2. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

3. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
Straight Chain
Branched Chain
Ring

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Molecules are formed between monomers when a water molecule is lost
Formation of Macromolecules
Molecules are formed between monomers when a water molecule is lost
Called condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis

6. Formation of Macromolecules cont.
Polymers are disassembled (broken up) into monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
Hydrolysis means “to break with water”. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.

7. B. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates
Aka sugars
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Structure 1:2:1
Sucrose
C12H22O11
***Dehydration synthesis

8. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
3 types
Monosaccharides (MONOMERS) are simple sugars.
Disaccharides are two sugars.
Polysaccharides many sugars, include starches, cellulose, and glycogen

9. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose (Monosaccharides)
Made during photosynthesis
Main source of energy for plants and animals
Fructose:
Found naturally in fruits
Is the sweetest of monosaccharides
Galactose:
Found in milk
Is usually in association with glucose or fructose

10. Disaccharide Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together
Table sugar (sucrose) = made up of glucose + fructose bonded together
Milk sugar (lactose) = made up of glucose + galactose bonded together

11. Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide = more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds
Serve as storage material or building material
Storage (examples: starch, glycogen)
Structural (examples: cellulose, chitin)
A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units.
Pasta and starches are polysaccharides
Potatoes are a starch

12. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

13. Lipids
Elements C, H and O
Nonpolar molecules – will not mix with water – Hydrophobic
Not soluble
Include fats, oils, and cholesterol
Monomer Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids – carbon chains bonded to hydrogen
Triglycerides
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

14. Lipids have several different functions.
Used to store energy for long term
Make up cell membranes
Used to make hormones
Waterproof coverings

15. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids
Carbons single bonded
Come from animals / Clog arteries
Unsaturated fatty acids
Double bonded carbon atoms
Do not come from animals / Don’t clog arteries

16. At room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in their fatty acid tails.
At room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat are packed closely together, forming a solid.

17. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

18. 3. Proteins Majority of processes in body occur because of proteins
Polymers of amino acid monomers
Made of Elements C, H, O, N
20 different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids made of 3 functional groups
Amine NH2
R group
Carboxyl - COOH

19. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups

20. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

22. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin

23. What are some functions of proteins?
4 Types of Proteins & their function in the body:
Regulatory (ex: Enzymes)
Controls the rate of reactions in your body
Transport (ex: Hemoglobin transports O2)
Sending nutrients to different parts of the body
Structural (ex: collagen, found in skin and bones)
Forms/ makes up different parts of the body
Protective (ex: antibodies protect against disease)
Makes cells that act as fighters for the body

24. 4. Nucleic Acids Stores and transmits genetic information
Made of the Elements C, H, N, O, & P
Two types:
DNA
RNA
are polymers of monomers called Nucleotides

25. Nucleotides are made of: 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

26. DNA stores genetic information RNA builds proteins
Transports DNA info from nucleus to other cell parts.
RNA

27. Monomer + Monomer, etc. = Polymer
Polymer or Macromolecule
Monomer
Examples
Elements
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Sugars and Starchs
C, H, O
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Fats, Oils and Waxes
Proteins
Amino Acids
Enzymes
C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
C, H, O, N