1. Chapter 3 Medical Terminology and Chapter 6 Body Structures THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Med Term book chapter 4, pages 94 – 113.
Exercises: 1 – 100
Body structures text book chapter 6, pages 83 – 105.
Exercise: Review questions, labeling
Body structures text book chapter 6, pages 58 – 76.
Exercises: D, F, G, J, K, M, N2, O, Q2, S.
Delmar video “The Musculoskeletal System” , tape 4

2. Structures of the Skeletal System
INCLUDES:
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Joints
Bursa

3. Functions of the Skeletal System
Bones – act as framework of body, support and protect the internal organs – stores calcium required for normal nerve and muscle function
Joints/Muscles/Ligaments, and tendons – make variety of body movements possible
Red Bone Marrow – located in spongy bone, has important function in the formation of blood

4. The Structure of Bones Tissues of Bone:
Bone is a form of connective tissue and is almost the hardest tissue in the human body (dental enamel is harder)
Tissues of Bone:
Although it is very hard and dense, bone is a living structure that changes and is capable of healing itself

5. Bone Marrow
Located w/in spongy bone, is hematopoietic and manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, thrombocytes
CAUTION: the word part myel/o means either bone marrow or spinal cord
Hematopoietic/hemopoietic: pertaining to formation of blood cells
Hemato/Hemo = blood
Poietic = pertaining to formation
Yellow Bone Marrow: found in medullary cavity, composed chiefly of fat cells and functions as a fat storage area

6. Joints - aka articulations
– connections btwn. Bones
Articulate: to join or to come together in a manner that allows motion between parts
Types of Joints
Sutures
Symphyses
Synovial Joints

7. Sutures The jagged line where bones join and form an immovable joint
Fontanel/fontanell: AKA soft spot – where the sutures btwn. the frontal/parietal bones have not yet closed
on a baby’s head
disappears as the child grows and the sutures close

8. Symphyses
Symphysis: where 2 bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone
(ie: pubic symphysis)

9. Synovial Joints Movable joints of body
Ball and Socket Joints: synovial joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions (ie: hips and shoulders)
Hinge Joints: synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane (ie: knees and elbows)

10. The Skeleton 206 bones total in adult human body
divided into 2 systems
Axial: (80 bones) protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems – axial refers to an imaginary line or axis thru the center of the body – includes skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular: (126 bones) makes body mvmt. Possible, also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction – appendicular refers to an appendage, which is anything attached to a major part of the body
Organized into:
Upper extremities: shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists
and hands
Lower Extremities: hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet

12. Cranium - portion of the skull that encloses the brain
CONSISTS OF:
Frontal bone: forms the forehead
Parietal bones: form most of the roof and upper sides of the Cranium
Occipital bone: forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
foramen magnum: opening in occipital bone thru which
spinal cord passes
Temporal bones: form the sides and base of the cranium
Sphenoid bone: forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony socket surrounding and protecting the eyeball
Ethmoid bone: forms part of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

14. Auditory Ossicles bones of the middle ear
EAM: external auditory meatus – external opening of the ear, is located in the temporal bone

16. Thoracic Cavity, Ribs, and Sternum
Thoracic Cavity: AKA rib cage – made up of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
Ribs: 12 pair (costals) attach to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
First 7 pair – true ribs – attach anteriorly to the sternum (FIG 3.11)
Next 3 pair – false ribs – attach anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum
Last 2 pair – floating ribs – are not attached anteriorly
Sternum: forms middle of the front of the rib cage – divided into 3 parts
Manubrium: bone, upper portion of the sternum
Body: bone, middle portion
Xiphoid process: cartilage, lower portion

17. Shoulders
Pectoral girdle: AKA shoulder girdle – supports arms and hands
Clavicle: slender bone that connects the sternum to scapula
Scapula: shoulder blade
Acromion: an extension of the scapula that form highest point of the shoulder

18. Arms humerus: bone of upper arm
radius: smaller bone in the forearm, runs up the thumb (lateral) side of arm
ulna: larger bone of the forearm, articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint
olecranon process: large projection on the proximal end of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow

19. Wrists and Hands carpals: bones of the wrist
metacarpals: form the palm of the hand
phalanges: bones of the fingers (and toes)
each finger has 3 bones: distal, middle, proximal phalanges
thumb: only distal and proximal phalanges

20. Spinal Column
consists of 26 vertebrae – functions to support head and body and protect spinal cord

21. Types of Vertebrae Cervical: first set of 7 –
form neck C1 – C7
Thoracic vertebrae: second set of 12 vertebrae –
form outward curvature of spine T1 – T12
Lumbar vertebrae: third set of vertebrae
L1 – L5 – largest and strongest of the vertebrae – form the inward curvature of spine
Intervertebral Disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the
vertebrae from each other, act as shock absorbers
and allow for movement of the spinal column

22. Sacrum/ Coccyx Sacrum Coccyx
triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine (FIG 3.15)
at birth = 5 separate sacral bones = fuse to form one in young child
Coccyx
tailbone, forms end of spine and is made up of four small bones fused together

23. Pelvic Girdle - Protects internal organs and supports lower extremities
3 BONES FUSED TOGETHER – posteriorly w/ sacrum
ilium: upper, blade shaped part of hip on each side of the pelvic girdle
sacroiliac: slightly moveable articulation btwn. Sacrum and ilium
ischium: lower and posterior portion of the pelvic girdle
pubis: anterior portion of the pelvic girdle
2 pubic bones join at anterior midline to form pubic symphysis – cartilaginous joint that holds the bones firmly together
acetabulum: large socket in pelvic bones, forms hip socket for head of femur

25. Legs and Knees Femur upper leg bone – largest bone in body Knees
head: articulated with the acetabulum
femoral neck: narrow area just below the head of the femur
trochanter: one of the two large bony projections of the proximal end of the femur just below the femoral neck
Knees
patella: bony anterior portion of the kneecap
popliteal: refers to the posterior surface of the knee – used to describe the structures in this area
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)/posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): make the movements of the knee possible – shaped like a cross
Lower Leg
Tibia: larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg
fibula: smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg

27. Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System
chiropractor
orthopedic surgeon
orthotics
osteopathic physicians
podiatrist
rheumatologist

28. Curvatures of the spine
kyphosis: abnormal increase in the outward curvature of thoracic spine (dowager’s hump)
lordosis: abnormal increase in forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine

29. Scoliosis
Lordosis
Kyphosis

30. Fractures - broken bone
greenstick fx: bone is partially bent and only partially broken
usually longitudinal and occurs primarily in children
closed fx: complete fx – bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
transverse fx: straight across the bone
oblique fx: at an angle
open fx: compound fx – bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
comminuted fx: the bone is splintered or crushed
compression fx: bone is pressed together on itself
spiral fx: bone has been twisted apart – occurs as a result of a severe twisting motion as in a sports injury
stress fx: small crack in bones that often develop from chronic, excessive impact – usually due to a sports injury

32. Diagnostic Procedures of the Skeletal System
arthrocentesis: surgical puncture of joint to remove synovial fluid for analysis
arthroscopy: visual exam of internal structure of joints, using an arthroscope
Bone density testing: densitometry, use of radiation tests to determine bone density
Bone marrow biopsy: insertion of a sharp needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells, used to determine why blood cells are abnormal, also to find a donor match
Bone scan: use of nuclear medicine to detect bone cancer and osteomyelitis
Dual X-ray absorptiometry
MRI
Radiographs

33. Bone marrow biopsy and tools
arthroscopy
arthrocentesis
Bone marrow biopsy and tools
Bone density testing
X-rays

34. Treatment procedures for Joints
arthroscopic surgery: use of an arthroscope and other instruments to treat the interior of a joint, ie: removal of torn cartilage
bursectomy: surgical removal of a bursa
chondroplasty: surgical repair of cartilage
synovectomy: surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, used to repair a joint damaged by rheumatoid arthritis
arthrodesis: fusion, surgical procedure to stiffen a joint to join spinal vertebrae
arthrolysis: surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
periosteotomy: incision thru the periosteum

35. chondroplasty
arthroscopy
bursectomy
synovectomy
arthrodesis
Arthroplasty
And
prosthesis

36. Joint Replacement
arthroplasty: surgical repair of a damaged joint – surgical replacement of a joint
prosthesis: implant or substitute for diseased or missing part of the body
total knee replacement
partial knee replacement
total hip replacement
revision surgery

38. Spinal Column
diskectomy: surgical removal of an intervertebral disk
percutanious diskectomy: thin tube is inserted thru skin of the back – suction is used to remove ruptured disk or vaporize it with a laser
laminectomy: surgical removal of the lamina from vertebrae
spinal fusion: immobilize part of the spine by fusing 2 or more vertebrae

39. Bones craniectomy: surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy: bone flap – surgical incision or opening into the skull that is performed to gain access to part of the brain
cranioplasty: surgical repair of the skull
osteoclasis: surgical fx of bone to correct a deformity
ostectomy: surgical removal of bone
osteoplasty: surgical repair of bones
osteorrhaphy: suturing or wiring together of bones
osteotomy: surgical incision or sectioning of a bone

40. Treatment of Fractures
manipulation: attempted realignment of the bone (closed reduction)
traction: pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
immobilization: holding or suturing or fastening the bone in a fixed position (ie casting)
External Fixation
fx treatment where pins are place thru the soft tissues and bone for the use of external appliance to hold pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
ex fix removed after healing
Internal Fixation
open reduction – fx in treated with pins or a plate placed directly into bone to hold broken pieces in place
not usually removed after healing occurs