1. Appendicular Skeleton 12/14
Lab 6,
BIO 105
Appendicular Skeleton 12/14
Allows environmental manipulation and mobility--locomotion
Bones of limbs and their girdles
Pectoral or Shoulder girdle attaches upper limbs to trunk of body
Pelvic or Hip girdle attaches lower limbs
BIO 105 Lab 6-Appendicular skeleton

2. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle--flexible structure
Clavicles (anterior) and scapulae (posterior)
Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs
Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton-scapulae do not articulate with spine or ribs
muscles keep in place
Allow movable articulation with other bones
shoulder joint is flexible and has a lot of movement
Shoulder joint socket not deep
Easily dislocated
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

3. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Clavicles
S-shaped bone
Act as brace to hold scapulae and arms out laterally; pushes shoulder posteriorly
acromial (lateral) end articulates with scapula
sternal (medial) end articulates with sternum
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

4. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Scapulae
on dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7
Flat and triangular shaped
Major markings:
spine
acromion
Coracoid process
glenoid cavity or fossa
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

5. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Upper Limb
Upper Arm
Humerus
Forearm
Radius and ulna
Hand
Wrist: carpal bones
Palm: metacarpal bones
Fingers: phalanges
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

6. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Humerus
Largest, longest bone of upper limb
Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
Major markings: head,
anatomical and surgical necks,
greater and lesser tubercles,
deltoid tuberosity
coronoid fossa
capitulum, trochlea
olecranon fossa
medial and lateral epicondyles
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

7. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Forearm Bones
Radius and Ulna
Articulate proximally with humerus and distally with wrist bones
Articulate with each other proximally and distally at radioulnar joints
Flat, flexible interosseous membrane connects bones along entire length
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

8. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Ulna
Medial bone in forearm; slightly longer than radius
Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus
Major markings: olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process
Radius
Lateral bone in forearm
Head articulates with humerus capitulum and radial notch on ulna
Major markings: head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

9. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Hand: Carpus--Skeleton of the hand contains carpal bones (wrist), metacarpal bones (palm), and phalanges (fingers); Bones are held together by ligaments allowing a flexible wrist
Metacarpus (Palm)
Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form palm
articulate proximally with carpals, distally with phalanges
Phalanges
Each finger (digit), except thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with thumb (pollex)
Thumb has no middle phalanx
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

10. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
Two hip bones (also called coxal bone, os coxae, or inominate bone)
Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
Support pelvic organs
Is more stable than shoulder because acetabulum (femur attachment ) is deeper
Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis (bones not fused in child—fuse in early adulthood)
Together with sacrum and coccyx, forms pelvis
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

11. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Hip Bone—3 regions
Ilium
Large, flaring bone which forms superior region of coxal bone
Consists of body and superior wing like portion called “ala”
articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
Ischium
Forms postero-inferior part of hip bone
Thick body articulates with ilium and ramus
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

12. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Pubis
Anterior portion of hip bone
Midline pubic symphysis joint
Major pelvic markings:
ramus,
ilium
ischium
iliac crest
iliac spines (2 on each bone)
acetabulum,
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
obturator foramen
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

13. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Female pelvis
Adapted for childbearing; tilted forward
True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal
Cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Sacrum is wider, shorter, straighter
Coccyx is straighter
Male pelvis
Tilted less forward
Adapted for support of heavier body build and stronger muscles
Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

14. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Lower Limb
Carries weight of body
Subjected to exceptional forces with running and jumping
Three segments --thigh, leg and foot
Femur
Thigh bone, largest and strongest bone in body
Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
Major markings: head neck
linea aspera
greater and lesser trochanters
lateral and medial condyles
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

15. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Patella or Kneecap
Triangular bone enclosed in quadriceps tendon; anchors anterior thigh muscles to tibia
Protects knee joint anteriorly
Improves leverage of thigh muscles acting across knee
Articulates with medial and lateral condyles of distal femur and proximal tibia
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

16. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Tibia
Medial leg bone
Receives weight of the body from femur and transmits it to foot
Major markings: medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus
Fibula
Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends, lateral to tibia
Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
Site of muscle attachment
Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane
Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
Major markings: head, lateral malleolus
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

17. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Foot: Includes tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Functions—support weight of body
Acts as a lever to propel body forward
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

18. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Tarsals
Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot
Body weight is primarily carried on talus and calcaneus
Talus—large, topmost bone which connects to tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
Forms heel; distal to talus
Point of attachment for Achilles (calcaneal) tendon of calf muscles
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

19. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Metatarsals:
Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) that articulate with proximal phalanges (toes)
Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms “ball of foot”
Phalanges
toes
Each digit (except the hallux—great toe) has three phalanges
Hallux has no middle phalanx
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

20. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Joints (Articulations)
Articulation—site where two or more bones meet
Weakest parts of the skeleton
Functions of joints:
Give skeleton mobility
Hold skeleton together
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

21. Classified either structurally or functionally
Joints
Classified either structurally or functionally
Structural Classification of Joints
Based on material (type of tissue) binding bones together or presence of a joint cavity
Structural classifications:
Synovial-most common, most movable
Cartilaginous-slightly movable
Fibrous-immovable
Functional Classification
Based on amount of movement allowed
Functional classifications:
-Diarthroses— freely movable (predominant in limbs)
-Amphiarthroses—slightly movable
-Synarthroses—immovable
Primarily in axial skeleton

22. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Fibrous or Synarthrotic Joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Most immovable;
some slightly movable
No joint cavity
Fibrous or Synarthrotic Joints: Joint held together by a ligament; Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
--Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable;
Example:
Connection between radius and ulna
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton

23. Cartilaginous or Amphiarthrotic Joints: (Synchondroses or Symphyses)
No joint cavity
Synchondroses—bones connected by hyaline cartilage
ex: Epiphyseal plate; costal cartilage joint between first rib and sternum
Symphyses--bones connected by broad, flat fibrocartilage pad intervertebral joints, pubic symphasis

24. Synovial or Diarthrotic Joints
freely movable
Articulating bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity
Fluid reduces friction
Examples:
all limb joints;
most joints of body

25. BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton
Reminders
ID and describe bones and bone markings presented in handout.
Describe basic kinds of joints and give examples.
BIO 105 Lab 7-Appendicular skeleton