2. Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality
Warren Bennis

3. What Is Leadership? Leadership
The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.
Management
Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members.

4. Trait Theories Traits Theories of Leadership Leadership Traits:
Theories that consider personal qualities & characteristics that , differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
The search for personality, social, physical or intellectual attributes that describe leaders from non leaders.
Leadership Traits:
Ambition and energy
The desire to lead
Honest and integrity
Self-confidence
Intelligence
High self-monitoring
Job-relevant knowledge

5. Trait Theories
Assumptions
People are born with inherited traits.
Some traits are particularly suited to leadership.
People who make good leaders have the right (or sufficient) combination of traits.
Limitations:
No universal traits found that predict leadership in all situations.
Better predictor of the appearance of leadership than distinguishing effective and ineffective leaders.
For a long period, inherited traits were sidelined as learned and situational factors were considered to be far more realistic as reasons for people acquiring leadership positions.

6. Behavioral Theories Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
Trait theory: Leaders are born, not made.
Behavioral theory: Leadership traits can be taught.

7. Ohio State Studies 1940s
Researchers sought to identify 1000 dimensions of leader behaviour which they narrowed down the list to two categories
They called the dimensions as initiating structure and consideration
Initiating structure – the extent to which the a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment.
Consideration – the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees as equals.

8. University of Michigan Studies
Employee-Oriented Leader
Emphasizing interpersonal relations
Taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members.
The research strongly favoured leaders who were employee oriented in their behaviour.
Therefore higher productivity and higher job satisfaction
Production-Oriented Leader
One who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.
Low productivity and lower job satisfaction

9. The Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton)
E X H I B I T 11–1

10. The Managerial Grid High Concern for people Low Low
1,9
Country club management
Thoughtful attention needs of people
for satisfying relationships leads to
A comfortable, friendly organization
atmosphere and work tempo
9,9
Team management
Work accomplishment is from
committed people, interdependence
through a “common stake” in organization
purpose leads to relationship
of trust and respect 9 8 7 6
Concern for people 5
5,5
Organization Man Management
Adequate organization performance
possible through balancing the necessity to
get out work with maintaining
morale of the people at a satisfactory level 4 3
1,1
Impoverished Management
Exertion of minimum effort to get
required work done is appropriate
to sustain organization membership
9,1
Authority-Obedience
Efficiency in operations results
from arranging conditions of
work in such a way that human
elements interfere to a minimal degree
Low 2 1 2 6 7 8 1 3 4 5 9
Low
Concern for production
High

11. Scandinavian Studies
Researchers in Finland and Sweden began reassessing whether there are only two dimensions that capture the essence of leadership behaviour.
Their basic premise is that in a changing world effective leaders would exhibit development oriented behaviour
Considering the earlier approaches these researchers felt that this dimension existed and is necessary in 21 st century.

12. Contingency Theories Fiedler’s Contingency Model
The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader.
Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire
An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.

13. Fiedler’s Model: Defining the Situation
Leader-Member Relations
The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader.
Task Structure
The degree to which the job assignments are procedurized.
Position Power
Influence derived from one’s formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases.

14. Findings from Fiedler Model
E X H I B I T 11–2

15. Message By Jack Francis Welch
“If you pick the right people and give them the opportunity to spread their wings and put compensation as a career behind it almost don’t have to manage it” “If you don’t have competitive advantage, don’t compete” “Control your own destiny or someone else will”

16. Difference between leaders & Managers
Innovate
Administer
Develop
Maintain
Inspire
Control
Long Term View
Short term view
Ask what and why
Ask, how and when
Originate
Initiate
Challenge the status quo
Accept the status quo
Do the right things
Do Things right

17. Different Styles of Leadership
Autocratic leadership
Bureaucratic leadership
Charismatic leadership
Democratic leadership or Participative leadership
Laissez-faire leadership
People-oriented leadership or Relations-Oriented leadership
Servant leadership
Task-oriented leadership
Transactional leadership
Transformational leadership

18. Charismatic Leadership
Key Characteristics of Charismatic leaders
Self Confidence- They have complete confidence in their judgment and ability.
A vision- This is an idealized goal that proposes a future better than the status quo. The greater the disparity between idealized goal and the status quo, the more likely that followers will attribute extraordinary vision to the leader.
Ability to articulate the vision- They are able to clarify and state the vision in terms that are understandable to others. This articulation demonstrates an understanding of the followers’ needs and, hence acts as a motivating force.
Strong convictions about vision- Charismatic leaders are perceived as being strongly committed, and willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve their vision.
Behavior that is out of the ordinary- Those with charisma engage in behavior that is perceived as being novel, unconventional, and counter to norms. When successful , these behaviors evoke surprise and admiration in followers.
Perceived as being a change agent- Charismatic leaders are perceived as agents of radical change rather than as caretakers of the status quo.
Environmental sensitivity- These leaders are able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and resources needed to bring about change.

19. Transactional vs Transformational leaders
Characteristics of Transactional and transformational leaders
Transactional Leaders
Contingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishment
Management by exception (active): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action.
Management by exception (passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met
Laissez faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions
Transformational Leaders
Charisma : Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect trust.
Inspiration: Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways.
Intellectual Stimulations: Promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving.
Individualized consideration: Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.

20. Traits of Exceptional Leaders
An outside in perspective – Eg Dell computer which puts the customer at the very center
An evangelical leadership gene Eg – Lou Gerstner IBM had this trait in shifting companies mindset he was intensely focused on restoring outside in perspective
Understands the critical role of culture Eg- Michael Dell had the performance oriented culture suggesting that if you don’t perform at Dell go somewhere else Eg- Sam Walton had family oriented culture in Wal Mart
Creates next generation products , processes or solutions EG- This is in alignment with the vision, Bill Gates had anticipated the market for software , Sam Walton realized the tremendous potential of Walmart in 1962
Implements the best ideas regardless of origin Eg Sam Walton ,went into the competitors stores to emulate the best practices, IBM &GE ran into the trouble when their managers stopped searching outside the company for answers
Advances the leadership body of knowledge

21. MODELS OF LEADERSHIP- CHANGE - CHARISMA TO BUSINESS
LEADERS – FORMAL Vs MORAL AUTHORITY MATRIX
High +
Hitler George
Washington
+ Man Mohan
- Many - Mahatma Gandhi
- Celebrities
Low CHOICE (Moral Authority) High +
( Stephen Covey )
Position
(Formal
Authority)

22. MODELS OF LEADERSHIP (NATIONAL & CORPORATE)
‘Man Mohan – Murthy’ Vs ‘Bush – Blair’
Gentle,Firm,Relentless Bluff, Boldness,
Humble,Ethical, Brashness,
Moral authority,Discipline Vendetta, Arrogance,
Progressive,Professional Insensitivity,
Sensitive, Principled Resourcefulness Courage,Maneavouring

23. POA Popular concept of viewing leaders as coaches.
Visit an organization specializes in training coaches as managers.
Look at international coaching federation find out the answers
Would you like to be led by a coach as these organizations define. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of viewing leaders this way ?
Based on your own leadership style, would you make a good coach ? Why or why not ?
Discuss a situation in which a coaching approach to leadership is particularly effective. What would be a situation where a coaching approach would seem to be ineffective ?
Small - Case Study

24. Cognitive Resource Theory
Cognitive Resource Theory- reconceptualized by Fiedler Joe Garcia
A theory of leadership that states that stress can unfavorably affect a situation and that intelligence and experience can lessen the influence of stress on the leader.
Research Support:
Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership roles under high stress than do more intelligent individuals.
Less experienced people perform better in leadership roles under low stress than do more experienced people.

25. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory
Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)
A contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness.
Able and Unwilling
Unable and Unwilling
Unable but Willing
Able and Willing
Follower readiness: ability and willingness
Leader: decreasing need for support and supervision
Directive
High Task and Relationship Orientations
Supportive Participative
Monitoring

26. Leadership Styles and Follower Readiness (Hersey and Blanchard)
Supportive Participative
Able
Monitoring
Leadership Styles
High Task and Relationship Orientations
Unable
Directive
Willing
Unwilling

27. Leader–Member Exchange Theory
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.

28. Leader-Member Exchange Theory

29. Path-Goal Theory Path-Goal Theory
The theory that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide them the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization.

30. The Path-Goal Theory
E X H I B I T 11–4

31. Leader-Participation Model
Leader-Participation Model (Vroom and Yetton)
A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations.
It was a decision tree having 7 contingency variables with 5 leadership styles.
The leadership model is now revised to 11 contingency variables.
The model however, fails to have stress,
Intelligence and experience in this.

32. Contingency Variables in the Revised Leader-Participation Model
Importance of the decision
Importance of obtaining follower commitment to the decision
Whether the leader has sufficient information to make a good decision
How well structured the problem is
Whether an autocratic decision would receive follower commitment
Whether followers “buy into” the organization’s goals
Whether there is likely to be conflict among followers over solution alternatives
Whether followers have the necessary information to make a good decision
Time constraints on the leader that may limit follower involvement
Whether costs to bring geographically dispersed members together is justified
Importance to the leader of minimizing the time it takes to make the decision
Importance of using participation as a tool for developing follower decision skills

33. Deeds for leaders
Vivah or marriage – between the king & kingdom (leader and organization ).In the absence of this a man is not a leader just an employee doing a job that gives him salary and status. Don’t expect him to be proactive ,creative or enthusiastic
Rajsuya – One has to prove tangible achievement and has to be accepted by peer group.
Abhishek – public bathing was transformational ritual Eg- a field sales manager sent to his headquarters without any attempt by the management to ceremonially crown him king in front of those he is supposed to manage
Article from corporate doisser

34. Deeds for leaders
Dharma – his vision and how he expects to achieve or realise this vision.
Varna – station in the organization and ashrama or stage in the employee
Varana –dharma – means defining the roles and rights and the responsibilities of every employee
Ashrama –dharma – knowing which member of the organization is in which stage of his job or his career – learning stage or retiring stage

35. Deeds for Leaders
Ashwamedh yagna – this helped the kind identify who submitted themselves to him and who challenged
Eg- PPT- horse, excel sheet with all the search data justifying the nos –army,
Digvijay means conquest of the sky or the directions. In corporate world the king must travel through different departments and ensure he is seen and heard and to assert his authority and to tell where he plans to go from here.
Vajpeya - a yagna of regeneration. To make the head roll to tell the world who is the boss