1. The Male Reproductive System
Chapter 3 Lesson 1
The Male Reproductive System

2. You’ll learn to…
Analyze the relationship between good personal hygiene, health promotion, and disease prevention.
Describe the functioning of the male reproductive system.
Relate the importance of early detection & warning signs that prompt individuals to seek health care for the male reproductive system.

3. The Male Reproductive System
Male & Female reproductive systems produce the cells needed to make a new human being.
External Male Reproductive Organs
Scrotum
Testes
Penis

4. Male Reproductive Organs

5. External Male Reproductive Organs
Scrotum is a loose sac of skin that hangs outside the body; it holds the testes.
Testes (testicles) are the male sex organs; they have two main functions:
They manufacture testosterone, the male sex hormone
They produce sperm, the male reproductive cells.

6. External Male Reproductive Organs (Testes) continued…
To produce sperm, the temperature of the testes must be a few degrees lower than the normal body temperature of 98.6 degrees F
The scrotum keeps the testes at the right temperature by holding the testes away from or close to the body.

7. External Male Reproductive Organs (Sperm) continued…
Sperm are produced in a section of the testes called the seminiferous tubules (produce thousands of sperm every second)
Once sperm are produced, they move into the epididymis- a highly coiled structure located on the back side of each testis.
Maturation continues in the epididymis and takes about 64 days.

8. External Male Reproductive Organs (Sperm) continued…
A mature sperm is one of the smallest cells in the body.
Each sperm carries 23 chromosomes
When a sperm unites with a female ovum which also carries 23 chromosomes, the result is one cell with 46 chromosomes & production of a human offspring

9. The Penis
Is a tube-like organ that functions in both sexual reproduction & elimination of body wastes.
When sponge-like tissues of the penis fill with blood, the penis becomes enlarged and hard, or erect.
The penis must be erect for semen, a mixture of semen and glandular secretions, to leave the body.

10. The Penis continued…
The release of semen from the penis is called ejaculation.
As many as million sperm are released.
Fertilization-the joining of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell can result if ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse.

11. Click on Image

12. Internal Male Reproductive Organs
The internal male reproductive structures play important roles in the male reproductive system. They include:
Vas deferens
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate and Cowper’s glands

13. Internal Male Reproductive Organs

14. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Vas deferens
After sperm mature in the epididymis, they travel into the vas deferens- a long tube that connects each epididymis with the urethra, which exits the body at the tip of the penis.
The vas deferens is the main carrier of sperm

15. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Urethra
The urethra is a duct that extends from the urinary bladder, through the prostate, to the tip of the penis.
Carries urine from the bladder; it also carries semen out of the body
When the penis becomes erect, muscles closes off the bladder and keeps urine from entering the urethra, so its physically impossible to carry both at the same time.

16. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Reproductive glands
The purpose of the glands is to add secretions that support sperm as they move through the reproductive system
Semen consists of sperm and secretions from the testes, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and Cowper’s glands.

17. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Seminal vesicles
Contribute the most secretions-about 60%
Located on either side of the prostate gland
The secretions help make the sperm mobile and provide them with nourishment

18. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Prostate gland
Lies just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra
It’s about the size of a walnut
It secretes a milky, alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm to help neutralize the acids found in the urethra and in the female’s vagina during intercourse.

19. Internal Male Reproductive Organs…Cowper’s glands
Two pea-sized glands just below the prostate that open into the urethra
They secrete a clear mucous into the urethra to help carry and protect sperm

20. Concerns About the Male Reproductive System
Nocturnal Emissions
Hernia
Sterility
Cancer of the testes or prostate

21. Nocturnal Emissions Also known as “wet dreams”
In puberty, glands begin to produce semen and relieve buildup of pressure, males have ejaculations while they sleep.
May be accompanied by a dream with sexual content and are perfectly normal.

22. Hernia Problems
Males are also prone to hernias, which occur when an internal organ pushes through the wall of a muscle.
A common hernia, inguinal hernia, caused by heavy lifting. The muscle tears allowing part of the intestine to push through the abdominal wall into the scrotum.

23. Sterility & STDs Sterility is the males inability to produce offspring
Caused by overheating of the testes, exposure to certain chemicals, contacting mumps as an adult, problems with epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra
Gonorrhea, syphilis, & genital herpes cause infections that can damage the male reproductive system and cause sterility.

24. Testicular Cancer
Cancer of the testes occurs most often between the ages of 14 and 40.
The main risk factor is undescended testes.
The first sign is usually a lump or an enlargement of the testis.
If found early, the cure rate is very high.
Monthly self-examination is important for early detection.

25. Problems of the Prostate
Prostate cancer
Symptoms include frequent or difficult urination, pain when urinating, blood in the urine, or lingering pain in the back, hips or pelvis.
Enlarged prostate is common in older men, it may block the urethra

26. Problems of the Prostate continued…
Enlarged prostate causes difficulty urinating and can interfere with sexual function
Can be treated with antibiotics or surgery
Males over age 50 should be tested for prostate cancer during routine medical exams.

27. Male Reproductive Health
As males progress through puberty and into adulthood regular medical exams, proper care, and personal hygiene are important.
Regular washing of the external organs
Monthly self-examinations of the testes, check for swelling, lumps, change in size, shape or consistency.

28. The Female Reproductive System
Chapter 3 Lesson 2
The Female Reproductive System

29. You’ll Learn To…
Describe the functioning of the female reproductive system
Relate the importance of early detection & warning signs that prompt individuals to seek health care for the female reproductive system
Analyze the relationship between good personal hygiene & disease prevention

30. External Female Reproductive Organs
The organs of the female reproductive system are primarily internal
Vulva, the external female reproductive organs, consist of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal opening, and clitoris.

31. The Mons Pubis and Labia
The mons pubis is a rounded mound of fatty tissue located directly over the pubic bone
The labia majora are the fatty folds on either side of the vaginal opening; they provide moisture and lubrication
Located between the labia majora are two smaller folds of skin known as the labia minora

32. The Mons Pubis and Labia continued…
The labia minora contain many nerve endings and are highly sensitive
They serve as a line of protection against pathogens entering the body and also function in sexual arousal

33. The Vaginal Opening
The vaginal opening lies between the labia minora and may be blocked by a thin membrane called the hymen.
Also, above the vaginal opening is the urethra through which urine is secreted
Below the mon pubis, where the labia minora meet is a small knob of tissue called the clitoris, which plays a major role in female sexual arousal.

34. The Internal Female Reproductive Organs
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes (or the oviducts)
Ovaries

35. The Internal Female Reproductive Organs
Vagina – is a muscular passageway that lies between the bladder and the rectum.
It serves as the organ of intercourse, birth canal and passageway for menstrual flow
4 to 5 inches long and extends from the uterus to the outside of the body
Made up of three layers: mucous (which is supplied with blood vessels), muscular layer and elastic layer

36. Vagina cont…
Normally is close together but stretches apart for sexual intercourse or for the birthing of a child
Is normally moist and acidic
A continuous secretion of dead cells mixed with lubricating fluid comes from the cervix and the vagina
This helps keep the vagina clean and helps prevent pathogens from growing inside the vagina

37. The Internal Female Reproductive Organs
Uterus- is the organ that prepares each month to receive a fertilized ovum; also known as the womb
Its primary function is to hold & nourish a developing embryo & fetus
It will expand to hold a growing fetus
Has an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides attachment of the embryo

38. Uterus cont… Endometrium – is the inner lining of the uterus
Each month it becomes thicker in order to prepare a place for a fertilized ovum to implant and grow
When there is no fertilized ovum, it is shed as the menstrual flow
Cervix-neck of the uterus, during childbirth it dilates to allow passage of the baby

39. Uterus cont… There are no nerve endings on the cervix
It contains glands that secrete mucus
Cells are scraped from the wall of the cervix for a Pap smear (we will discuss Pap smear later on in the chapter)

40. Internal FRS
Fallopian tubes are tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterus
Is to transport ova to the uterus
The fallopian tubes has a suctions called cilia that help move the ova down to the uterus
Cilia are hair like projections on the inner surface of some organs

41. Fallopian tubes cont… An ovum moves about 1 inch every 24 hours
It normally is healthy and alive for approximately 24 to 48 hours
This means that fertilization (which is the joining of a sperm and an ovum) usually occurs in the fallopian tube within two inches of the uterus

42. Internal FRS
Ovaries are two almond-shaped female sex glands that produce ova and secrete hormones
There located on both sides of the uterus & release ova on a regular basis
At birth a female has hundreds of thousands of immature ova in her ovaries
At puberty hormones cause the ova to mature

43. Ovaries cont…
The process of releasing one mature ovum each month into a fallopian tube is called ovulation.
The ovum can live up to a day in the fallopian tube
If sperm are present and one successfully penetrates the ovum, fertilization occurs and pregnancy begins

44. The Menstrual Cycle
Each month, the uterus prepares for possible pregnancy
Hormones cause the endometrium to build up a thick layer of blood vessels & other tissue to ready the body for pregnancy
If pregnancy does not occur the lining sheds.
This process is called menstruation, shedding of the uterine lining

45. Menstrual Cycle continued…
Most females begin menstruating between the ages of 10 and 15 yrs old & continues until about age 50 when menopause occurs
After the menstrual period ends, usually within 4-7 days, the cycle begins
There are approximately 28 days in the menstrual cycle

46. Menstrual Health Care
Good hygiene is especially important during menstrual period; daily bathing/showering
There are products that can be used for menstrual flow…sanitary napkins or pads, tampons and or panty liners, but they must be changed frequently and not left in overnight

47. Menstrual Problems
Some women experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in a week or two before their period.
Symptoms include anxiety, depression, irritability, bloating, mood swings and fatigue.
Symptoms can often be relieved by changes in diet and increasing physical activity and sometimes medications.

48. Click on Image

49. Menstrual Problems continued…
Some females suffer from dysmenorrhea, severe cramps
Controlled by over-the-counter pain medications, light exercise, heating pads, warm baths.
Amenorrhea- lack of menstruation. Can be a result of physical defects, disease (diabetes), tumors, infections, anorexia, and sometimes from exercising too rigorously.
You should seek professional help

50. Female Infertility & STDs
Infertility- inability to bear children has a variety of causes:
Blocking of fallopian tubes
Hormonal problems
Endometriosis- the uterine lining grows outside the uterus
STDs can also lead to infertility (gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV)

51. Problems with Infection
What is toxic chock syndrome (TSS)?
Is a rare, serious disease that is caused by certain toxin-producing strains of staphylococuus aureus bacterium.
May occur during or just after menstruation
Symptoms include fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash.
There is a relationship between TSS and tampon use.

52. Problems with Infection continued…
Vaginitis- inflammation of vaginal tissue with discharge, burning, & itching.
Yeast infections- caused by a fungus; white, odorless discharge, itching, burning & painful urination
Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomoniasis- caused by a protozoan

53. Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and is the second leading cause of death
There is no known way to prevent it, but early detection through regular medical exams & monthly self examinations are the best defense.
Symptoms include a change in breast or nipple appearance, a lump or swelling in the breast or armpit

54. Pelvic Examination Includes the following:
Includes the following:
Visual- begins by checking the external reproductive organs for any irritation, lumps, swelling and discoloration
Speculum Pelvic examination. A metal or plastic speculum is inserted into the vagina to hold apart the vaginal walls.

55. Pelvic Examination
A Pap Smear is a screening test for cervical cancer in which cells are scraped from the cervix.
A small wooden spatula or a round bristled brush is used to scrape cells from the cervix.
Bimanual Pelvic Examination is a procedure in which a nurse or doctor inserts the index finger and middle fingers into the vagina and puts the other hand on the stomach and check the reproductive organs.

56. The Breast Self-Examination…click on the site below…

57. Chapter 3 Lesson 1 & 2 Review Questions
List the external and internal male & female reproductive organs.
Describe two ways to care for the male reproductive system and its importance.
Describe two ways to care for the female reproductive system and its importance.

58. Chapter 3 Lesson 1 & 2 Review Questions…
4. Name one male and one female reproductive disorder and relate the importance of early detection and warning signs that prompt individuals to seek treatment to prevent disease.