1. Spring exam 2007 review

2. Geology

3. Fault- break in the crust where slabs of crust slip past each other
1. Describe faults and earthquakes. Include information on seismic waves and the scales used to describe earthquake strength.
Fault- break in the crust where slabs of crust slip past each other
Earthquake- shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface
****Earthquake is caused by shift in lithosphere
Moment Magnitude is the current scale used to describe earthquake size. It is based on seismic information. Above 5.0 is destructive

4. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake- P waves, S waves, surface waves

5. 2. Describe Igneous rocks p. 342
Forms when magma or lava cools and hardens
Intrusive- formed from magma beneath the surface (large crystals)
Extrusive- forms from lava on surface (ocean floor)

6. Describe Metamorphic rocks. P. 345
Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface
Different from the rock that formed it (chemical reactions)

7. Describe Sedimentary rocks. P. 343
Forms when particles of rock and other materials are pressed and stuck together
Sediments
Erosion- flowing water, waves, wind, ice
Deposition- sediment is laid down (rest)
Cementation- compact

8. Draw and label the rock cycle. P. 347

10. 6. Label the volcano diagram p. 376
collects Lava
Where Magma leaves pipe
Crack through which the magma rises
Large underground pocket

11. Earth’s plates are in constant, slow motion
7. Describe the Theory of Plate Tectonics. Include information on plate boundaries, Wegener’s super-continent and plate movements.
Earth’s plates are in constant, slow motion
Explains how plates move, form and interact
Producing volcanoes, mountains, earthquakes, features on the ocean floor
Wegener called the supercontinent PANGAEA

12. Compression- two continental plates collide they form mountain range
Subduction- one plate melts and becomes magma- volcanic activity

14.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
Continental Movements The supercontinent

15. 8. Draw and label the layers of the earth and describe what each is made of. P. 329
Inner core
Solid nickel & iron
Outer core
Liquid
Mantel
Solid magma
Lithosphere includes
Crust and upper mantel

16. Chemistry

17. 1. List the element’s name for each of the symbol: p. 604-605
Element name O
Oxygen He
Helium Al
Aluminum H
Hydrogen N
Nitrogen Au
Gold Fe
Iron Ca
Calcium S
Sulfur Ne
Neon K
Potassium Na
Sodium C
Carbon Si
Silicon Cl
Chlorine

18. 2. Elements
Element- substance that can not be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
Examples- H (Hydrogen) Na (Sodium)

19. 2. Mixtures
Mixture- two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined
Examples- sand, soil, saltwater

20. 2. Compounds
Compound- substance made of two or more element chemically combined
Examples- Salt (NaCl), water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

21. 2. chemical bond-
Force that holds two atoms together
Chemical bond

22. 2. molecule -a particle made of two or more atoms bonded together
H2O

23. 3. Who developed the Atomic Theory?
John Dalton

24. 4. Draw and label the parts of the box on the periodic table.
Protons and electrons

25. 5. Describe the parts of an atom, location and the charge of each.
Protons- positive charge, located in the nucleus
Neutrons- neutral charge, located in the nucleus
Electrons- negative charge, located in electron clouds

26. Atom of element Nitrogen
neutron
proton
electron
7 protons ***count
7 neutrons
7electrons

27. 6. Draw a picture of the arrangement of atoms in each of the states of matter

28. SOLID
definite volume and a definite shape

29. LIQUID has no shape of its own, takes on the shape of its container
it has definite volume

30. Gases particles spread apart, has neither definite shape nor volume
gas will fill the container you put it in

31. 7. Describe what happens in each change in state of matter
7. Describe what happens in each change in state of matter. Include if thermal energy is increased or decreased.
Freezing- liquid to solid, decrease
Vaporization- (what is the difference between evaporation and boiling?) liquid to gas, increase
evaporization is on the surface
Sublimation- solid to gas, increase
Melting- solid to liquid, increase

32. sublimation
condensation
sublimation
evaporation
melting
freezing

33. 8. Chemical change/reaction
A change in matter that produces new substance with properties different from the original substance
Souring of milk
Burning of wood
Lighting a match
Baking a cake
Eating

34. 9. Chemical properties
Characteristic that is observed when a substance interacts with another substance
Burning or flammability
Rusting
Tarnishing
milk curdling (spoils- solid particles)

35. 10. Physical changes
A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not make the material into another substance
Paper becomes confetti
Cutting a cake
Onion cut into slices
Trees cut down into furniture
Butter melting
Oranges into juice

36. 11. Physical properties
characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into something else
Color
Texture
Odor
Density
Hardness
Melting
Boiling
Freezing
Change in size

37. 12. Density- how much mass in a given volume
Calculate density of the cube if one side measures 5cm and the mass is 250 grams.
5 x 5 x 5 = 125
250/125
= 2 g/cm3

38. 13. MATTER Anything that has mass and takes up space
Examples: you, air, water, table

39. 13. mass How much matter or “stuff” an object has Unit = grams g
Measure with triple beam balance
Does not change

40. 13. weight Measure of the force gravity on an object
Relative to Earth = weight would change if you leave Earth

41. 13. volume Amount of space an object occupies Unit = cm3 = ml
V= l x w x h
Measure with graduated cylinder/beaker/flask
Period 1

42. Force & Motion

43. 1. What is motion? How do you describe motion?
An object is in motion when the distance from another object changes
Leave reference point
Describe distance and time in a line graph

44. 2. What is a force? Describe the 5 types of forces
Force is a push or pull
Types of forces pages

45. 2. Contact Force (5 forces on page 100-101)
two objects are touching, they push each other away.
Obi-One went through the window- his body is in contact with the window

46. 2. Friction force that one object applies on another.
Kicking a soccer ball, the grass is the friction force.
Friction produces heat
Air resistance

47. 2. Gravitational Force force between all objects in the universe.
Weight

48. Results from moving electrons pull between charged particles – atoms
2. Electrical force
Results from moving electrons
pull between charged particles – atoms

49. North pole and south poles attract
2. Magnetic Force
attracts to metals.
North pole and south poles attract

50. 3. Speed formula Distance divide by time
Constant speed (p. 90)- stays the same
Average speed (p. 91) total distance divide by total time
Units for distance = meters, km, cm, miles
Units for time = hours, minutes, days

51. Riding a bike 800 m, stop for 4 minutes, continue riding 800 m
4. Speed on a graph- line graph that displays distance over time
Riding a bike 800 m, stop for 4 minutes, continue riding 800 m

52. 5. Newton’s Laws of motion
Sir Isaac Newton
lived during the 1600s

53. 5. Newton’s 1st Law
An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Inertia

54. Force = Mass x Acceleration
5. Newton’s 2nd Law
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Gravity accelerates all objects at the same rate, so the elephant and the rock would hit the ground at the same time. (only in a vacuum effect)
The difference in forces would be caused by the different masses.

55. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
5. Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The skaters' forces on each other are equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

56. 6. Balanced force- no movement
Equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions
Tug- of –war = only when the rope does not move
You sitting in a chair

57. 6. unbalanced
Force changes an object’s motion
Causes movement

58. 6. Net force
Overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on an object are added together.

59. #7 speed
Distance in a given amount of time

60. 7. Velocity
Speed in a given direction
(N, S, E, W)

61. 7. acceleration Rate at which velocity changes Speeding up
Slowing down (deceleration)
Changing direction

62. Space review

63. 1. Describe the features found on the surface of the sun.
1. sun spots
2. prominence
3. solar flares

64. sunspot
Areas of gas on the sun that are cooler
Look darker

65. Huge loop of hydrogen gas
prominence
Huge loop of hydrogen gas

66. solar flare
Huge explosions on the sun

67. p. 541
corona
sunspot
chromosphere
Core- nuclear fusion

68. 2. Describe the layers of the sun.
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Core
Corona

69. photosphere
Sphere that makes light
Part we can see in a photograph

70. chromosphere
Middle layer
Means color

71. core
nuclear fusion reactions = energy

72. corona
Outer layer “crown of light”
Only visible during eclipses

73. 3. What is the difference between a Heliocentric system and a Geocentric system. Explain your answer.

74. geocentric system Ptolemy –
140 A.D. Greek Astronomer
believed that Earth was the center of the universe

75. heliocentric system
sun is at the center of the system- current model

76. 4. Name the 9 planets in order starting at the sun.
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

77. 6. Describe each of the inner planets.
terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth & Mars
small and have rocky surfaces

78. Mercury
1st planet Shortest revolution (orbit around the sun) _ year

79. Venus Know as morning or evening star
Called Earth’s twin because they are the same in size
Venus rotates backwards, east to west- retrograde rotation- may have been struck by a large object
it’s full of carbon dioxide- greenhouse effect
Hottest planet

80. Earth 70% of Earth is covered in water
We are the ONLY planet with oceans!

81. Mars
Called the “red planet”

82. 6. Describe each of the outer planets
6. Describe each of the outer planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune
Gas giants do not have solid surfaces
They are made from gas!
In the middle, they have a solid core Large outer planets with stronger gravity
Keeps gases from escaping

83. Jupiter Largest planet
The Great Red Spot- storm similar to a hurricane

84. Saturn The second largest planet Has rings around the planet
Made of chunks of ice and rocks
Saturn has 5 moons with craters

85. Uranus Cold, blue planet - methane Uranus rotates from top to bottom
Uranus has many moons that have icy and cratered surfaces
Also has rings

86. Neptune Has a clearly visible atmosphere
Was found by accident- mathematically
Great Dark Spot- a giant storm
Neptune has 8 moons

87. 7. Inertia
Tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place

88. The force that pulls objects toward each other Measurement of weight
7. Gravity
The force that pulls objects toward each other
Measurement of weight
Different for each planet

89. 7.system
Each planet and its moons form a system

90. They come from the tail of comets or asteroids
7. Meteoroid
Meteoroid
chunk of rock or dust in space
They come from the tail of comets or asteroids
When it burns = meteor – streak of light

91. 7. Meteorites- when the meteor hits the Earth
This happens all the time.
People think they are just heavy rocks
One huge one landed in Arizona 40,000 years ago and left a big crater
Meteorite

92. 7. rotation Spinning motion of a planet about it’s own axis ONE DAY
DIFFERENT FOR EACH PLANET

93. 7. revolution One year Earth 365.25 days (365)
February leap year every 4th year
Movement of an object going around another object

94. 7. ellipse elongated circle, oval shape Path of orbit
Not a perfect circle

95. Water and weather review

96. 1. Describe the water Cycle. Draw the cycle
1. Describe the water Cycle. Draw the cycle. Explain what happens at each step.
Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, hail (any water that falls from the sky)
Evaporation – process by which molecules absorb enough energy to change from liquid to gas
Condensation – changing from gas to liquid; forms clouds
Collection – the accumulation of water

98. 2. Define the following terms:
Watershed – land area that supplies water to a river system
Surface Water – water found on the surface of the ground; includes rivers, lakes, streams
Ground Water – water that is absorbed into the ground

99. 3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols
Cold front- brings brief storms and cooler weather
Stationary front- long periods of precipitation

100. 3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols
Warm front- precipitation and warm air
Occluded – precipitation
High pressure- sunny days, little or no rain, calm weather
Low pressure- storm, cloudy

101. 4. What gases are found in the Atmosphere?

102. 5. Describe each of the instruments below
5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the units for each?
Barometer – used to measure air pressure; 2 kinds (Mercury & Aneroid); units are inches, cm or millibars
Thermometer – used to measure temperature (the average amount of energy an object has); units are degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit

103. Rain Gauge – used to measure the amount of precipitation; in or cm
5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the units for each?
Psychrometer – used to measure relative humidity; compares the temperature of a wet & dry thermometer; given as a percent
Rain Gauge – used to measure the amount of precipitation; in or cm
Anemometer – measures wind speed in mph or kmph; wind forms when air moves from high pressure to low pressure

104. 6. Describe the 3 main types of clouds.
Cumulus clouds – puffy clouds that form during fair weather - cumulonimbus clouds = cumulus clouds that have grown into rain clouds
Stratus clouds – low layer clouds that often cover much of the sky;- cause drizzle or rain
Cirrus Clouds – wispy, feathery, high clouds- made from ice crystals