1. Questions your group needs to address:
What do you do with (now) former prisoners of war? Discuss this from both the Northern & Southern perspectives.
What do you do with former Confederate Generals? Should they be punished?
What do you do with the states that seceded from the Union?
How do you solve financial debt?
What do you do with former slaves that are now free men, approximately 4 million of them?

2. RECONSTRUCTION PLANS President Lincoln Congress President Johnson
Radical Republicans vs. Moderate Republicans
President Johnson

3. Thomas Nast's Original "The Union Christmas" Civil War Print
This is probably the most touching and moving Abraham Lincoln print to come out of the Civil War era. The leaf was printed on December 31, 1864, and Thomas Nast was the artist. The print shows Mr. Lincoln standing at the door, inviting the Southern Rebels to come in from the cold and snow, and rejoin the union.
A large banquet table has been prepared, and the table has empty chairs labeled Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and so forth. The print has a large banner that reads, "The Union Christmas Dinner, Peace on Earth and Good Will Toward Men." The print has four insets, one showing Robert E. Lee offering his surrender to Grant (something that did happen a few months later. The second inset is captioned, "Lay Down your Arms and You Will be Welcome", which shows Rebel Soldiers being welcomed back into the Union. The third inset presents the Rebels as the prodigal son returning home, and the forth inset shows a soldier bowing down to accept a pardon from Lady Liberty.
For all the pain and all the loss of the Civil War, we see by the end of 1864, there were signs of hope. Nast creates this image of hope by showing a country tired of war, and willing to invite their former countrymen to once again sit at the table of fellowship and Union. Within three months of this image being made, Mr. Lincoln was dead, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. However, Nast's vision of a country once again united did come to pass.

4. Forgive Lincoln wanted to restore national unity (speedy)
March 5, 1865 “With Malice toward None…”
Issued Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Dec. 1863):
Would give a full pardon to all southerners (except high-ranking Confederate leaders) who would:
Restoration of rights and property
swear allegiance to the Constitution
accept emancipation
After 10% of the citizens of a southern state took that oath, the state would be readmitted.

5. Lincoln’s Plan Treatment of ex-confederates
“Ten Percent Plan” - South could set up government if 10% of voters swore an oath to the Constitution and accepted laws ending slavery
Treatment of ex-confederates
Citizenship for former slaves
Limited enfranchisement
13th Amendment abolished slavery, Wanted to protect Civil Rights, but did not offer equal rights
Civil Rights for former slaves
Citizenship links to picture describing Lincoln’s plan for African Americans
Civil rights links to 13 amendment clip and freedmen’s bureau picture
Suffrage links to suffrage pictures
When describing plan remind students that Lincoln’s main objective was to preserve the union, not to abolish slavery, and that Lincoln has Radical Republicans, Moderates, and Democrats in his Cabinet
Block 1: L1 describe the 10 % plan, L2 have student describe the reaction to the 10 % plan – the Wade Davis bill, and what happened to it (pocket veto- students should describe) L3 have student read and interpret the last part of Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address “With malice towards none…”
Have students identify the positives and negative points of this plan, would this plan have been successful
Block 2 use picture on slide 8 to describe
Block 3 students should describe the 13th amendment (L!), how it differs from the Eman. Proc. (L2)and what the responses to this will be. What will happen to the former slaves? (L3)
Block 4 Have students identify what suffrage means before going to pictures
Block 5 (L1) have students describe what “40 acres and a mule means” although sherman began doing this lincoln’s plan doesn’t call for this (L2) Have student describe what the freemen’s bureau was and who favored it. (radical republicans because it protected african americans) (L3) Have students identify which parts of the plan Southerners would like, Northerners, why would Lincoln have a plan that would try to please both sides do you agree with this plan of action?
Suffrage for former slaves
Limited voting rights for soldiers, and educated freemen, but no role in shaping the political future of the South
Economic rights for former slaves
Freedmen’s Bureau provided loans and grants to purchase land, education, etc.

6. •Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan:
In it all southerners, except high-ranking Confederate officials, could get a full pardon and restoration of rights after taking an oath, pledging loyalty to the Union and accepting the end of slavery. When ten percent of the 1860 voting population had taken this oath, citizens could vote in elections that would create new state governments and new state constitutions. After that the state would once again be eligible for representation in Congress and readmitted to the Union.

7. 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery
After debating the amendment, the Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6.
Although they initially rejected the amendment, the House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56.
President Abraham Lincoln then submitted the proposed amendment to the states for ratification.
Secretary of State William Henry Seward issued a statement verifying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865.

8. Assassination of April 14, 1865: President Lincoln was assassinated while attending a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, escaped with a broken leg, but he was shot later. Lincoln was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson.
John Wilkes Booth: Booth was a Southern sympathizer during the Civil War, who plotted with six fellow-conspirators to assassinate Union leaders. On Apr. 14, 1865, he shot President Lincoln during a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. He escaped, but was later shot and killed.

9. The Assassination of Lincoln
Plot devised by John Wilkes Booth along with accomplices:
Lewis Powell (Secretary of State Seward)
George Atzerodt (VP Andrew Johnson)
David Herold (lookout)

10. Original Plot To kidnap Lincoln, take him south and hold him hostage
Booth hears Lincoln give a speech that discussed voting rights for blacks and he changes the plot.

11. The Assassination
Booth, Powell & Atzerodt were to strike at the same time (10:00PM)
In the balcony with Lincoln: Mary, Major Henry Rathbone & his fiancé Clara Harris
Booth knew the play and when laughter would erupt.
Shoots Lincoln point blank, stabs Rathbone and jumps onto the stage:
"Sic semper tyrannis!"

12. O Captain! My Captain! Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
1 O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
              2 The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
              3 The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
              4 While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
              5    But O heart! heart! heart!
              6        O the bleeding drops of red,
              7 Where on the deck my Captain lies,
              8   Fallen cold and dead.
              9 O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
            10 Rise up -- for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills,
            11 For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding,
            12 For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
            13    Here Captain! dear father!
            14        This arm beneath your head!
            15 It is some dream that on the deck,
            16    You've fallen cold and dead.
            17 My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
            18 My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
            19 The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
            20 From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
            21    Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
            22        But I with mournful tread,
            23 Walk the deck my Captain lies,
            24    Fallen cold and dead.

13. Oh Captain! My Captain! What does the ship represent in this poem?
What is the “fearful trip” that Whitman refers to?
What “prize” do you think Whitman is referring to?
Who is the captain in the poem?

14. For Homework
For Monday, please write a eulogy for President Lincoln. Imagine that you are speaking at his funeral. What would you say?
What accomplishments would you highlight?
What qualities as a leader would you focus on?
Your eulogy should be two paragraphs long (4-5 sentences a piece).
Due date: Monday, October 3rd

15. Forgive Punish Believed southerners should be punished harshly.
Proposed the Wade-Davis Bill (July 4, 1864): The South could set up government according to the following terms:
Governor appt. by Pres. & approved by Congress
At least half of voters in a conquered state take oath of allegiance.
Ex-Confederates would be banned from drafting new state constitutions (IRONCLAD OATH).
State constitutions must abolish slavery and grant citizenship/voting rights to freedmen
Passed Congress on July 2, 1864.
Lincoln did not sign the bill: “southern states should be able to choose between both plans”
Lincoln wanted to restore national unity (speedy)
March 5, 1865 “With Malice toward None…”
Issued Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Dec. 1863):
Would give a full pardon to all southerners (except high-ranking Confederate leaders) who would:
Restoration of rights and property
swear allegiance to the Constitution
accept emancipation
After 10% of the citizens of a southern state took that oath, the state would be readmitted. 15

16. Most well known Radicals:
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Group of abolitionist American politicians that proposed harsh policies towards Confederates during the Reconstruction Era.
Most well known Radicals:
Pennsylvania Representative
Thaddeus Stevens
Senator Benjamin Wade
Senator Charles Sumner

17. THADDEAS STEVENS ON RECONSTRUCTION
The President assumes, what no one doubts, that the late rebel States have lost their constitutional relations to the Union, and are incapable of representation in Congress, except by permission of the Government. It matters but little, with this admission, whether you call them States out of the Union, and now conquered territories, or assert that because the Constitution forbids them to do what they did do, that they are therefore only dead as to all national and political action, and will remain so until the Government shall breathe into them the breath of life anew and permit them to occupy their former position. In other words, that they are not out of the Union, but are only dead carcasses lying within the Union. In either case, it is very plain that it requires the action of Congress to enable them to form a State government and send representatives to Congress. Nobody, I believe, pretends that with their old constitutions and frames of government they can be permitted to claim their old rights under the Constitution. They have torn their constitutional States into atoms, and built on their foundations fabrics of a totally different character. Dead men cannot raise themselves. Dead States cannot restore their existence "as it was." Whose especial duty is it to do it? In whom does the Constitution place the power? Not in the judicial branch of Government, for it only adjudicates and does not prescribe laws. Not in the Executive, for he only executes and cannot make laws. Not in the Commander-in-Chief of the armies, for he can only hold them under military rule until the sovereign legislative power of the conqueror shall give them law. Unless the law of nations is a dead letter, the late war between two acknowledged belligerents severed their original compacts and broke all the ties that bound them together. The future condition of the conquered power depends on the will of the conqueror. They must come in as new states or remain as conquered provinces. Congress is the only power that can act in the matter.

18. Republican’s Plan Treatment of ex-confederates
Punish the ex-confederates; proposed “Wade Davis Bill” - South couldn’t set up gov’t until majority took the Ironclad Oath
Citizenship for former slaves
Full citizenship…who will enforce?
Civil Rights for former slaves
Equal Rights, passed the Civil Rights act of 1866 and eventually the 14th Amendment
Have students turn to p. 316, and describe the view points and previous actions of abolitionists (i.e. John Brown’s raid, Pottawatomie massacre, Sumner’s speech in congress) based upon these actions what would you expect the republican’s plan to be like?
Civil rights links to clip on Civil rights act of 1866
Block 1-2 (L1) students should describe who Thaddeus Stevens was and what his views were (L2) what core beliefs did most radical republicans believe reconstruction should be placed upon, what would make America a “perfect Republic”
(L1)should be able to identify the first two of the four new policies the Radicals wanted
(L3) students should be able to interpret the viewpoint of Sen Raum and what H.R from the committee on reconstruction
Who will enforce this reconstruction policy? Military
Block 3-4 (L2) students should be able to identify the major Reconstruction Legislation passed during republican control.
(L3) have the student read what section 1 of the 14th amendment says
(L1 and L2) should be able to describe what the 14th and 15th amendments did and what effect they will have on the south
Block 5(L1)should be able to identify the last two of the four new policies the Radicals wanted
Suffrage for former slaves
Full Suffrage and 15th Amendment
Continued the Freedman’s Bureau, providing $ and education to former slaves, give them land from former slave owners
Economic rights for former slaves

19. Congress continues to Act Freedman’s Bureau
Was created in March 1865 to aid the millions of southerners left homeless and hungry by the war.
Distributed millions of free meals to black and white refugees--Set up hospitals
Brought thousands of white southerners back onto farms to make a living again.
Served as an employment agency
Operated schools (By 1869, hundreds of schools for African Americans had been established in the South)
Built schools and provided teachers to give blacks the education they had been denied under slavery
Helped establish colleges for black students, including Howard University, Hampton Institute, Atlanta University, and Fisk University

20. Congress Passes Civil Rights Bill
First Civil Rights law in nation’s history
Declared that everyone born in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights; however, it still did NOT guarantee voting rights – Sound Familiar?
This law was written to overturn the 1857 Dred Scott ruling and to nullify the recently enacted black codes.
“If the President (now Andrew Johnson) vetoes the Civil Rights Bill, we shall be obliged to draw our swords.”
--Ohio senator

21. Not this Time!
Johnson vetoes the bill, arguing that it would centralize power in the federal government.
This veto eroded any support he had had in Congress—Moderates and Radicals unite:
Congress overrode the veto of the Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed a new Freedman’s Bureau Bill, overriding Johnson’s veto yet again.

22. The Fourteenth Amendment (Ratified 1868)
Congress attempted to answer all of Johnson’s Constitutional objections to the Civil Rights Bill with the 14th Amendment:
1. Required states to extend equal citizenship to African Americans and all people “born or naturalized in the U.S.”
2. It denied states the right to deprive anyone of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”
3. It promised all citizens the “equal protection of the laws.”

23. The 14th Amendment
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

24. Fourteenth Amendment (Cont’d)
DID NOT GUARANTEE AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTING RIGHTS
It did, however, reduce the representation of any state that did not allow its adult male citizens to vote.
The more African American men who were not allowed to vote, the fewer representatives that state could send to Congress
If the Southern states accepted this amendment, they could enter the Union: TENNESSEE
Johnson campaigned heavily against this amendment.

25. 15th Amendment
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

26. Post Civil War
Civil Rights Act: This act was passed in Congress with nearly unanimous Republican support in March 1866, and it attempted to redress the issue of slavery by defining all persons born in the nation as citizens. It also specified the rights of citizens, the right to sue, make contracts, give evidence in court, hold, convey, and inherit property.
Thirteenth Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in It prohibited "slavery or involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This amendment guaranteed freedom for African Americans.
Fourteenth Amendment: The Fourteenth Amendment was passed in It said that no state can make or enforce any law which "deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." Also, states could not "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Fifteenth Amendment: Secretary of State Hamilton Fish ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of United States on March 30, This amendment explicitly forbid denial of the right to vote for citizens "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

27. Johnson Becomes President (April 1865)
Began life as a poor tailor
Owned 5 slaves until 1862 (Tenn. Rebels)
Racist:
“…inferior to the white man in point of intellect…better calculated in physical structure to undergo drudgery and hardship.”
Democratic Senator (Tenn.)
Only Southern Senator to support the Union
(held aristocratic planter class responsible for secession)
Becomes Pres. In April 1865; Congress not due in session until December

28. Johnson’s Plan Treatment of ex-confederates Citizens for former slaves
Full Pardons, except rich plantation owners who would have to apply individually (eventually pardoned)
Treatment of ex-confederates
Citizens for former slaves
No citizenship
Civil Rights for former slaves
No Civil Rights
Block 1: (L1) Ask students where Johnson was from? (Tenn)-a former slave/ confederate state (use the map on chalk board) and he was a slave holder, how might this shape his views? (L2) Johnson was a Tailor by trade, wanted to be part of the aristocracy, but was never accepted. What did this lead to towards the treatment of ex-confederates? (L3) Which 4 sets of people were specifically denied amnesty and why?
Block 2-5 use the link (civil rights) to go to the picture to describe johnson’s view to former slaves
Suffrage for former slaves
No Suffrage, African Americans should not be involved in politics
Economic rights for former slaves
Allowed for the Black Codes, former slaves should go back to work for their former masters.

29. Johnson’s Plan Pardoned many ex-Confederates (14,000)
Returned confiscated land to ex-Confederates.
Set easy terms for readmission to the Union
1. States had to nullify their acts of secession (South Carolina and Georgia)
2. States had to abolish slavery (ratify13th Amendment)
3. States had to refuse to pay Confederate government debts (this was intended to punish southerners who had financed the war)
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

30. Why did many Americans consider President Johnson’s plan unfair?
It allowed former Confederates to go unpunished.
It allowed former Confederates to take office and control state legislatures
It allowed for these new state governments to enact black codes that restricted the rights of freedmen.
It led to ex-Confederates getting elected to Fed. Govt. (Elections of 1865)
15 of 80 Senators and House of Reps had served in Confederate Army (10 were generals)
Another 16 had served in judicial and civil posts
Another 9 had served in the Confederate Congress
Alexander Stephens had served as VP of the Confederacy

31. Johnson Vetoes Bill
In February 1866 Congress passed the Freedman’s Bureau Bill to extend the life of the agency
Surprisingly, Johnson VETOED the bill, citing constitutional and financial reasons:
“It was never intended that the Freedmen should be fed, clothed, educated, and sheltered by the United States.”
Johnson disagreed with allowing the Bureau to deal with cases involving discrimination or infringement of civil rights---(claimed this should be left to the courts)

32. Congress (Republicans) Vs. Johnson
Republican-dominated Congress refused to seat the southern representatives.
In early 1866, Congress began hearings on conditions in the South.
Witness after witness presented evidence of postwar violence
African Americans recounted stories of murder and the burning of churches, homes, and schools
A move was made by Republicans to extend the life of the Freedman’s Bureau

33. Race Riots
May 1, 1866 two carriages collided on the streets of Memphis
Police officers arrested the black driver but not the white driver
Blacks protested; white mob gathered
Led to a 3-day riot in which white rioters (mainly police officers and firefighters) killed 46 African Americans and burned 12 schools and 4 churches

34. Events causing Conflict b/w Johnson & Senate
Vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau Bill
Vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866 which declared every one born in U.S. a full citizen with civil rights
3. 14th Amendment - Granted rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S.
Denied states the right to deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process 34

35. Result: Former Confederates Enact Black Codes
Resembled pre-Civil War slave codes
i.e. Mississippi only substituted the word “freedman” for “slave”
Varied from state to state
Aimed to prevent African Americans from achieving social, political, and economic equality

36. Examples of Black Codes
African Americans could not hold meetings unless whites were present
Forbade them to travel without permits, own guns, attend schools with whites, sit on juries, etc…
Reestablished white control over labor
Forced African Americans to return to the fields…
Some states required blacks to only work as servants;
Some states required blacks to pay taxes to work in other occupations.
Several states required blacks to sign long-term labor contracts (those who refused could be arrested)
Apprenticeship laws: Most states allowed judges to bind black children to white employers if they deemed the parents unable to support them (thousands of black children worked for planters)

37. EFFECTS OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN ON FORMER CONFEDERATES AND THE EFFECTS OF THE BLACK CODES ON FREEDPEOPLE
PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN 
BENEFITS TO FORMER CONFEDERATES
Blanket pardon for most rebels
Easy terms of readmission to the Union;: states had to nullify their acts of
secession, abolish slavery, and refuse to pay war debts 
FORMER CONFEDERATES ENACT BLACK CODES 
EFFECTS OF CODES ON AFRICAN AMERICANS
Tried to deprive freed people of equality
Re-established white control over African American labor

38. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 Help is on the way!!!
The Freedmen Bureau – agency developed to help the homeless and the hungry
Carpetbaggers Northern Republicans who moved South during
Reconstruction
Scalawags - Name given to southerners who now backed reconstruction and helped with the rebuilding process
Joint Committee of 15 established by Congress to examine successes and failures of reconstruction
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867
Help is on the way!!! 38

39. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867
Abolished state governments formed under Andrew Johnson’s plan
Divided the ten Confederate States into 5 military districts – each governed by an army commander and patrolled by federal troops to help enforce the acts.
Outlined how a state would be readmitted to the union:
Hold a convention
Write a new constitution
allow black men to vote
Elect a governor and a state legislature
Ratify the 14th Amendment

40. At the same time the Reconstruction Acts were passed, the Tenure of Office Act is passed to limit the power of the President. The Also passed the Command of the Army Act to prevent the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant. (Who could not be removed without the approval of the Senate).

41. TENURE OF OFFICE ACT STATES:
Senate must approve the removal of an official.
Johnson challenged this by firing Secretary of War – Edward Stanton
THEREFORE:
President Johnson violates the Tenure of Office Act
Tenure of Off. Act → Johnson Fires Stanton → Johnson violates Act → Impeachment 41

42. Article II Section 4 Conviction of treason, bribery, and any other high crime or misdemeanor
Step #1 - The House charges president with crime by majority vote
Step # 2 – Certain House members act as lawyers and prosecute the president / Senate acts as jury and listens to charges Chief Justice of Supreme Court (Salmon P. Chase) acts as judge
Step # 3 – Senate votes – if 2/3rds vote guilty the president is removed from office

43. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Reasons House impeached Johnson
Reasons Senate Acquitted Johnson
Articles 1-8: Charged Johnson with illegally violating the Tenure of Office Act – prohibited the President from removing any appointed govt. official without Senate approval
Article 9: Accused Johnson of violating the Command of the Army Act – required Johnson to issue all military orders through the General of the Army instead of dealing directly with military governors in the South
Article 10-11: Accused Johnson of making “inflammatory and scandalous speeches.”
Weak case against Johnson
Failure to prove that Johnson was guilty of “bribery, treason, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.”
Personal dislike of potential presidential successor (Benjamin Wade)
Fear that impeachment would weaken future presidents and threaten checks and balances

44. Ku Klux Klan: secret terrorist organization formed by
6 ex-confederates soldiers
The Grand Wizard: (Head of the Klan)
Nathan Bedford Forrest 44

45. A REACTION TO RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS
THE KKK
A REACTION TO RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS

46. ORIGINS
The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, was started by ex-confederate soldiers that were concerned about the effects of Radical Republican plans to reconstruct the south.
Its name comes from the Greek work kyklos, meaning circle. This refers to the tight knit bond between members.
The passage of the Reconstruction Amendments (13th ,14th, and 15th) alarmed many Southerners as they saw them as threatening to the power of whites in society.

47. TACTICS OF THE KKK
The KKK used violence to wage a war on freedmen and Radical Republican whites in the South.
Intimidation and threats were commonplace, and when necessary, hanging and other forms of murder and violence were used.
In a Louisiana parish where the Republicans had a 1,000 person majority, not a single Republican voted in the 1868 elections.

48. TACTICS CONTINUED
The KKK would routinely raid homes at night, dragging out family members and beating them for intimidation. Very effective because the word spreads quickly. Is it worth dying to vote?
They essentially acted as a “paramilitary” group, operating at the fringes of the law.

49. Portion of KKK application questions for members
Did you belong to the Federal army during the late war, and fight against the South during the existence of the same?
Are you opposed to Negro equality, both social and political ?
Are you in favor of a white man's government in this country ?
Are you in favor of Constitutional liberty, and a Government of equitable laws instead of a Government of violence and oppression?
Are you in favor of maintaining the Constitutional rights of the South?
Are you in favor of the re-enfranchisement and emancipation of the white men of the South, and the restitution of the Southern people to all their rights, alike proprietary, civil, and political?
Do you believe in the inalienable right of self-preservation of the people against the exercise of arbitrary and unlicensed power?

50. Klansmen burned schools, homes, churches
Led murders on Republicans – killing many whites and blacks that sided with the Republican Party
Klansmen burned schools, homes, churches
These events led to the
Enforcement Acts (document):
designed to help protect against the KKK 50

51. THE END OF THE FIRST KKK
The violence reached such a fever pitch that the Federal government had to step in to prosecute KKK members when states would not.
The Force Acts (1870): These acts banned the use of Terror or Bribery to deny someone the right to vote based on their race.
The original KKK was essentially wiped out within a year of passage of the Force Acts because of the threat of Federal prosecution.

52. KKK 3 Main Objectives: During Reconstruction
Prevent Blacks from voting
Destroy Republican Party
Frighten African Americans political leaders 52

54. Strange Fruit

55. THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE ELECTION’s OF 1868, 1872 & 1876

56. General Ulysses Grant received a unanimous vote on the first ballot at the Republican convention. Grant's Democratic opponent was Horatio Seymour of New York. Grant did not campaign and made no promises. Seymour broke with tradition and campaigned actively in the North.
The Republicans promised continued radical reconstruction in the South, while the Democrats promised swifter reintegration of the South. The Democrats attacked the Republicans for reconstruction and attacked Grant for being a drunkard. The Republicans claimed the Democrats were going to give up all that was accomplished in the Civil War. Ultimately, it was Grant's personal popularity that determined the election.

57. ELECTION OF 1868:
Reconstruction policy in the aftermath of the Civil War was the key issue of the 1868 campaign. The Republicans rallied behind the most successful Union general of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, and chose Schuyler Cofax, Speaker of the House , as his running mate. Horatio Seymour, governor of New York, selected as the Democrats’ standard-bearer, criticized the Republican Reconstruction program had objected to their granting of rights to the freed slaves. The Republicans wer skeptical of the wartime patriotism of the Democrats. The former slaves contributed to the Republican victory, with many of them exercising their right to vote for the first time.
ELECTION OF 1872:
Horace Greeley, New York Tribune editor, was the choice of the Liberal Republicans; the Democrats endorsed him for the sake of expediency. Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform and an end to Reconstruction. Grant, the Republican incumbent, also supported civil service reform and protection fo the rights of the ex-slaves. Grant won the largest Republican popular majority of the century. Greeley died after the elections but before the meeting of the presidential electors, and his votes were distributed among several Democratic candidates.

58. THE PANIC OF 1873
There was a banking panic which caused thousands of businesses to close.
Thousands of people lost their jobs and protested in the streets of several large cities.
Many of the jobless were new immigrants, and they were an important part of the Northern economy.

59. EFFECTS OF PANIC OF 1873 ON SOUTHERN RECONSTRUCTION
Northern leaders in the government had to respond to the economic problems, and focus efforts on helping the economy.
Immigrants made up a large numbers of voters, they had to be helped.
All of this meant that Reconstructing the South was no longer the highest priority for the national government.

60. THE ISSUES OF THE ELECTION OF 1876
Immigration was a big issue for both candidates, new Americans needed to be represented too.
Republicans wanted to continue to control the South through military reconstruction.
Democrats wanted reconstruction to end, and pull the military out.
82% of people who could vote actually voted in the election (pretty high)

61. WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE ELECTION MAP
In what regions did each candidate get their votes from?
From what regions would you expect each party to get it’s votes from?
Why do you think that the election was as close as it was?
What state was the most important one for the candidates?

62. ELECTION OF 1876

63. RESULTS OF THE ELECTION
There was a dispute over electoral votes, and the congress decided who would win.
The democrats gave the votes to Hayes, but demanded that he end Reconstruction.
Hayes, the Republican, was given the votes and the presidency.
He was nicknamed “Rutherfraud” B. Hayes due to the election controversy.

64. WHY THE ELECTION ENDED RECONSTRUCTION
The Republicans wanted the presidency, and the only way that the Democrats would give up the votes was if the President agreed to end Military Reconstruction.
Hayes agreed to pull the military out of the South, and with no army to enforce rules, many gains made by the freedman were given up to power hungry, racist, Southerners.

65. ELECTION OF 1876:
The nation had tired of Reconstruction policies that kept federal troops in the South and the scandals that had occurred during Grant’s administration. The economic depression that followed the panic of 1873 further troubled the Republican party. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, governor of Ohio, as a reform candidate. His Democratic opponent, Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York, also promised change. Tilden won the popular vote majority but fell one vote short of the electoral majority of 185 needed to win. Hayes took 165 electoral votes. Twenty votes were disputed – nineteen from three states that still had Republican governments (South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida), and one from Oregon. Republican officials in the three southern states charged that racist electoral rules were used to take the black vote away from Hayes. The parties submitted two differing sets of electoral returns from these states and each claimed victory. Congress, split along party lines, was unable to decide the issue impartially. To determine the authenticity of the disputed returns, a fifteen-member electoral commission made up of ten congressmen and five U.S. Supreme Court justices was set up. The commission, composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, voted strictly along party lines, awarding the disputed votes and the presidency to Hayes. In return for a peaceful inauguration, the Republicans removed all federal troops from the southern states in what is known as the Compromise of 1877, which ended Reconstruction.