1. Joints & Articulations

2. Classification Of Joints
Classification By Function (degree of movement possible):
Synarthroses (Syn=connected, immovable)
Joints with little or no movement
Skull sutures, cranium (minus the mandible)
Amphiarthroses (Amphi = on both sides, between)
Slightly moveable joints
Intervertebral discs, costosternal joints, cartilaginous joints(vertebrate between spine)
Diarthroses (Diar=passing through, free moving)
Freely moveable joints
Shoulder, knee, hip, elbow, interphalangeal, tarsal, and carpal joints

3. Joint Classification Classification by structure: Synovial joints:
Bones separated by a joint cavity; lubricated by synovial fluid; enclosed in a fibrous joint capsule.
Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, carpal, interphalangeal
How would we classify these joints functionally?

4. Joint Classification Fibrous joints:
Bones held together by collagenous fibers extending from the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next.
No joint cavity
Skull sutures, teeth in joints, distal radioulnar joints & tibiofibular joints

5. Joint Classifications
Cartilaginous joints:
Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity
Epiphyseal plates of long bones, costosternal joints, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

6. Structure and Function
Joints are designed for their function.
Let’s look at sutures as our 1st example:
Name 4 sutures!
What function do you suppose sutures are designed for?
Metopic Suture
Saggital Suture
Coronal Suture
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture

8. Types of Joints in the Human Body
(1) Immovable: fixed joint such as the cranium
(2) Ball-and-socket joints: such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements.
(3) Hinge joints: such as in the fingers, knees, elbows, and toes, allow only bending and straightening movements.
(4) Pivot joints: such as the neck joints, allow limited rotating movements.
(5) Sliding Joint: found in the vertebral column and allows small sliding movements. The vertebrae have pads of cartilage between them, and the bones slide over these pads. This is what makes the backbone so flexible.
(6) Ellipsoidal Joint: similar to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movement to a lesser magnitude such as the wrist

12. Structure and Function
Now let’s talk about synovial joints.
5 main structural characteristics:
Articular cartilage
What kind of cartilage is it?
Where do we find it?
What does it do?
Hyaline

13. Structure and Function
Articular capsule
2 layered. Surrounds both articular cartilages and the space btwn them.
External layer is made of dense irregular CT & is continuous w/ the perisoteum.
Inner layer is a synovial membrane made of loose connective tissue.
It covers all internal joint surfaces except for those areas covered by the articular cartilage.

14. Structure and Function
Joint (Synovial) Cavity
The potential space within the joint capsule and articular cartilage
Synovial Fluid
A small amount of slippery fluid occupying all free space w/i the joint capsule
Formed by filtration of blood flowing thru capillaries in the synovial membrane
Synovial fluid becomes less viscous as joint activity increases.

15. Structure and Function
Reinforcing Ligaments
What kind of tissue are they?
What do you suppose their function is?
Double-jointed-ness results from extra-stretchy ligaments and joint capsules. Is this necessarily a good thing?

16. Other Synovial Structures
The knee and hip joints have cushioning fatty pads btwn the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane or bone.
Discs of fibrocartilage (i.e., menisci) which improve the fit between bone ends, thus stabilizing the joint.
Found in the knee, jaw, and sternoclavicular joint.
Bursae are basically bags of lubricant - fibrous membrane bags filled with synovial fluid. Often found where bones, muscles, tendons, or ligaments rub together.

17. Types of Synovial Joints
Plane joints
Articular surfaces are flat and allow short slipping or gliding movements.
Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Hinge joints
A cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another (like a hotdog in a bun)
Movement resembles a door hinge.
Elbow joint – ulna and humerus; Interphalangeal joints

18. Type of Synovial Joints
Pivot joints
Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a ring formed by another bone or by ligaments of that bone.
Proximal radioulnar joint
Atlas-axial joint
Condyloid joints
Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression on another.
Radiocarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints

19. Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle joints
Each articular surface has convex and concave areas. Each articular surface is saddle-shaped.
Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.
Ball-and-Socket joints
Spherical or semi-spherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another.
Allow for much freedom of motion.
Shoulder and hip joints.

20. The Knee Largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body.
Primarily a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding.
Actually consists of 3 joints:
Patellofemoral joint
Medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints
The joint cavity is only partially enclosed by a capsule – on the medial, lateral, and posterior sides.

21. The Knee
The lateral and medial condyles of the femur articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia.
Between these structures, we have the lateral and medial menisci.
Anteriorly, the patellar ligament binds the tibia (where?) to the inferior portion of the patella. The superior portion of the patella is then connected to the quadriceps femoris muscle

22. The Knee At least a dozen bursae are associated with the knee.
Multiple ligaments are present.
The fibular collateral ligament extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.
The tibial collateral ligament connects medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibial shaft and is also fused to the medial meniscus.
Both of these ligaments prevent excessive rotation

23. The Knee
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are also very important.
ACL connects the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle.
Prevents forward sliding of the tibia and hyperextension of the knee.
PCL connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle.
Prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur.

24. Learn more about ACL Injury
ACL Videos

25. Articulations (Movements)

32. Clinical Conditions
Arthritis describes about 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative joint diseases.
Osteoarthritis
Most common arthritis.
Normal joint use prompts the release of cartilage-damaging enzymes. If cartilage destruction exceeds cartilage replacement, we’re left with roughened, cracked, eroded cartilages.
Eventually bone tissue thickens and forms spurs that can restrict movement.
Most common in C and L spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips.

34. Clinical Conditions Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic inflammatory disorder
Marked by flare-ups
Autoimmune disease.
Body creates antibodies which attack the joint surfaces
The synovial membrane can inflame and eventually thicken into a pannus – an abnormal tissue that clings to the articular cartilage.
Clinical Conditions

35. Clinical Conditions Gouty arthritis
When nucleic acids are metabolized uric acid is produced. Normally uric acid is excreted in the urine.
If blood [uric acid] rises due to decreased excretion or increased production, it may begin to form needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints.
Inflammation ensues causing painful arthritis.