1. JOINTS

2. Learning Objectives To know the different joint types
To understand how to classify joint types
To be able to discuss the importance of the structure and function of a synovial joint

3. Joints
The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement.
Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints.
A joint is where two or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement.

4. Types of Joints There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
Fibrous/ immovable joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move - they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Synovial joint/freely moveable
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.

5. Freely Moveable Joints
Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints.
They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet.
There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton.
These interest us the most because they allow the greatest range of movement and are found in the appendicualr skeleton

6. Cartilage Hyaline or Articular cartilage- found on the surface of bone
2. Yellow Elastic cartilage- elastic and found in the
external ear
3. White Fibrocartilage- tough, dense tissue that
acts as a shock absorber. Found between the vertebrae

8. Articular/hyaline Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and which helps prevent friction between the joint.
Absorbs compression placed on the joint,
protects the joint.
2. Joint Capsule – The outer layer is a tough fibrous layer called the fibrous capsule.
Increases stability
The inner layer is called the synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid, strengthens the joint

10. 3. Synovial Membrane– Thin membrane which lines the inside of the joint capsule.
It produces synovial fluid
4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and is contained in the joint cavity.
Reduce friction between the cartilage
Nourish the cartilage
Get rid of any waste debris

11. 4. Ligaments – A band of strong fibrous tissue, helps prevent dislocation.
Connect bone to bone
5. Tendons– Strong connective tissue that attached muscle to bone.
Connect muscle to muscle
6. Bursa- pad of fat provide cushioning between the fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle.
Cushion the joint and act as shock absorbers

12. The Synovial Joint of the Knee
The knee is a hinge joint.
Femur
Articular(hyaline)Cartilage
Joint capsule
Cruciate Ligaments
Synovial Membrane
Patella
Synovial Fluid
Joint cavity
Tibia/Fibula
Tendons

13. The Synovial Joint of the Hip
The Hip is a ball and socket joint.
Cartilage
Pelvis
Synovial Fluid
Synovial Membrane
Ligaments
Tendons
Femur

14. Label the diagram of a synovial joint using a colour code system
TASK
Label the diagram of a synovial joint using a colour code system
YOU MAY BE ASKED TO LABEL A SYNOVIAL JOINT IN
EXAM OR EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE AND FUCTION

15. 2. List two features that increase joint stability and give their specific function?

16. Examples of Synovial Joints

17. Types of Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are classifed according to the shape of the
articulating surface.
KEY
Ball & Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint

18. Write down another example
KEY TERM
ARTICULATION-
The different bones that form to make the joint
EXAMPLE
Joint Joint type Articulating bones Movement
Elbow Hinge joint Humerus, radius, ulna
Write down another example

19. 1. Ball and Socket Joints
The ball has a head shaped of one bone which articulates
with a cuplike socket.
Allows the greatest range of movement
Examples
HIP
SHOULDER

20. 2. Hinge Joints They are cylindrical shaped of 1 bone articulates with
a depression of an adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to bending and straightening
EXAMPLES
ELBOW
KNEE

21. 3. Pivot Joints
These are rounded, pointed or concave of one bone which articulates which a ring shaped bone.
Movement is restricted to 1 bone rotating around the longitudinal axis.
EXAMPLE VERTEBRAE OF THE NECK

22. 4. Gliding Joints The articulating surfaces are flat.
It allows limited movement
EXAMPLES
HAND BETWEEN THE CARPELS

23. 5. Saddle Joints The articulating surfaces are shaped like a saddle
It allows very limited movement
EXAMPLE
THUMB JOINT

24. 6. Condyloid Joints
The surfaces are flatter and oval forming a shallow joint
It allows the second greatest range of movement.
EXAMPLE
WRIST JOINT

25. Structure and function
Hyaline/Articular cartilage
Structure: Smooth, spongy cartilage that covers end of bone.
Function: prevent friction between bones
absorb compression placed on the joint
protect bone from getting crushed
Joint capsule:
Structure: Outer layer is a tough fibrous layer- fibrous membrane.

26. The inner layer- synovial membrane
Function:strengthen the joint
secrete synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid
Structure; slippery fluid, contained in the joint cavity
Function; reduce friction between cartilage
nourish the articular cartilage
get rid of waste debris in joint
Ligament
Structure; band of strong fibrous tissue
Function; connect bone to bone

27. Meniscus (cartilage)
Structure: white fibrocartilage
Function: improves the fit between bone ends
increases joint stability
reduces wear and tear at joint
Bursa
Structure:fluid filled sacs
Function: prevent friction where bones, ligaments and muscles may rub together

28. PLENARY Identify the bones that articulate at the
shoulder joint? (2 marks)
Identify the bones that articulate at the elbow joint? (3 marks)

29. Ball and Socket Joints Hinge Joints Examples
HIP
SHOULDER
The ball has a head shaped of one bone which articulates
with a cuplike socket.
Allows the greatest range of movement
Hinge Joints
EXAMPLES
ELBOW
KNEE
They are cylindrical shaped of 1 bone articulates with
a depression of an adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to bending and straightening

30. Pivot Joints Gliding Joints VERTEBRAE OF THE NECK
These are rounded, pointed or concave of one bone which articulates which a ring shaped bone.
Movement is restricted to 1 bone rotating around the longitudinal axis.
HAND BETWEEN THE CARPELS
Gliding Joints
The articulating surfaces are flat.
It allows limited movement

31. Saddle Joints Condyloid Joints EXAMPLE THUMB JOINT
The articulating surfaces are shaped like a saddle
It allows very limited movement
Condyloid Joints
The surfaces are flatter and oval forming a shallow joint
It allows the second greatest range of movement.
EXAMPLE
WRIST JOINT