2. Charles II (1660-1685) No “Merry Monarch” He

3. Restoration Declarations of Breda (April 1660) religious liberty to all and general pardons to those who effected Civil War—only Parliamentary enemies were exempted 57 punished by Parliament of whom 30 were executed. Charles’ humor made him popular; scandalous behavior only offended a few

4. Nell Gwynn—C’s favorite mistress

5. Charles II Used image of Merry Monarch to cover for his mastery of “realpolitik” He supported forms and formulas to avoid alienating political nation He appeared to be subservient to Parliament but found independent means to support his policies He died on the throne.

6. Practical Policies Relied on Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, a moderating influence with Lords and Commons Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660) settled land disputes with most old Royalists not getting their lands restored Parliamentary taxation authority affirmed Act of Uniformity (1662)

7. Clarendon Code—Religious Settlement Corporation Act (1661) - required all municipal officials to take Anglican communion, formally reject the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. The effect of this act was to exclude Nonconformists from public office. Act of Uniformity (1662) - made use of the Book of Common Prayer compulsory in religious service. Upwards of 2000 clergy refused to comply with this act, and were forced to resign their livings. Coventicle Act (1664) - This act forbade coventicles (a meeting for unauthorized worship) of more than 5 people who were not members of the same household. The purpose was to prevent dissenting religious groups from meeting. Five-Mile Act (1665) - This final act of the Clarendon Code was aimed at Nonconformist ministers, who were forbidden from coming within 5 miles of incorporated towns or the place of their former livings. They were also forbidden to teach in schools. Religious militants ceased to be a threat.

8. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609-1674)

9. Restoration Politics Still some king v. Parliament Clarendon was impeached in 1667 for misappropriation, but there was also fall out from the great plague and great fire in London in 1666 Charles now advised by CABAL (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale) Charles begins to pursue independence from Parliament

10. Secret Treaty of Dover-1670 Charles gets money from Louis XIV in exchange for making England Catholic “as soon as practicable.” Charles no longer needs Parliament’s tax money Second Declaration of Indulgences replaces Clarendon Code (no legal impediments for Catholics and Dissenters) Parliament passes Test Act—annual conformity

11. Renewed Catholic Politics Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, becomes chief minister in 1674 Pro-Dutch, anti-Catholic, anti-French Fear of James Duke of York—led by Anthony Ashley Cooper Titus Oates Plot—Parliament believes accusations Exclusion Crisis but Louis XIV comes through with 500,000Ł to keep Charles independent. Charles dies in 1685 professing Catholicism and receiving extreme unction.

12. Titus Oates (1649-1704)