1. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms. The study of the chemistry of living things.

2. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Hydrocarbons... compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [C n H 2n+2 ]

3. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Hydrocarbons (continued) Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

4. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. -C 2 H 5 is ethyl

5. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Rules for Naming Alkanes 3.Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4.Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

6. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Substitution Reactions Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.

7. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C 3 H 6, C 4 H 8, C 6 H 12

8. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] C  C=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon- carbon triple bond. C  C  C  C  C 2-pentyne

9. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Nomenclature for Alkenes 1.Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C 2 H 4 is ethene 2.With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=C  C  C is 1-butene

10. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Addition Reactions...in which (weaker)  bonds are broken and new (stronger)  bonds are formed to atoms being added.

11. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Aromatic Hydrocarbons A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl 2 + HCl benzeneChlorobenzene

12. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula HalohydrocarbonsR  X AlcoholsR  OH EthersR  O  R Aldehydes

13. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters AminesR  NH 2

14. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Polymers...are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon

15. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

16. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Proteins Natural polymers made up of  -amino acids (molecular weight from  6000 to >1,000,000 g/mol). Fibrous Proteins: provide structural integrity and strength to muscle, hair and cartilage.

17. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 Proteins (continued) Globular Proteins: 4 roughly spherical shape 4 transport and store oxygen and nutrients 4 act as catalysts 4 fight invasion by foreign objects 4 participate in the body’s regulatory system 4 transport electrons in metabolism

18. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18  -Amino Acids  NH 2 always attached to the  -carbon (the carbon attached to  COOH) C =  -carbon

19. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Bonding in  -Amino Acids + H 2 O  A peptide linkage There are 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.

20. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Levels of Structure Primary: Sequence of amino acids in the protein chain. Secondary: The arrangement of the protein chain in the long molecule (hydrogen bonding determines this). Tertiary: The overall shape of the protein (determined by hydrogen-bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and London forces).

21. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 Carbohydrates Food source for most organisms and structural material for plants. Empirical formula = CH 2 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) 4 pentoses - ribose, arabinose 4 hexoses - fructose, glucose

22. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 Carbohydrates (continued) Disaccharides (formed from 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage) 4 sucrose (glucose + fructose) Polysaccharides (many monosaccharide units) 4 starch, cellulose

23. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids): stores and transmits genetic information, responsible (with RNA) for protein synthesis. (Molar mass = several billion) RNA (ribonucleic acid): helps in protein synthesis. (Molecular weight = 20,000 to 40,000) 4 messenger RNA 4 transfer RNA