2. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons 1.To understand the types of bonds formed by the carbon atom 2.To learn about the alkanes 3.To learn about some common polymers Three Objectives: SWBAT

3. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Carbon Chemistry Carbon is an element that 1. Can bond strongly to itself (C—C) 2. Can form long chains or rings (C—C—C—C—C—C…) 3. Can bond to other nonmetals: H, N, O, S, and halogens. 4. Has extraordinary number of carbon compounds existing in nature. Biomolecule – molecule that functions in maintaining and reproducing life Organic compounds – vast majority of carbon compounds Exceptions: oxides of carbon and carbonates are inorganic compounds.

4. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Carbon Bonding Carbon can form bonds to a maximum of 4 other atoms. These atoms can be either carbon atoms or atoms of other elements. –For example: CH4 (tetrahedral molecule) methane (aka natural gas)

5. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Carbon Bonding Double bond: ethylene, C2H4 Triple bond: acetylene, C2H2 Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons Carbon can bond to fewer than 4 other elements by forming 1 or more multiple bonds.

6. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms 1. Saturated: all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds 2. Unsaturated (healthier): containing carbon-carbon bonds with multiple bonds

7. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with tetrahedral structures with the general formula C n H 2n+2 with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…. CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 methane ethane propane butane

8. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons contain long strings or chains of carbon atoms m = a whole number

9. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Example 1: Normal Hydrocarbons 1.Alkanes with 6 carbon atoms CH3—(CH2) 4 —CH3  CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 m = 4 2. Alkanes with 8 carbon atoms CH3—(CH2) 6 —CH3  m = 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

10. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes

11. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Write the chain structure and formula for… An alkane with 6 carbon atoms C6H14 CH3 – (CH4)4 – CH3 An alkane with 8 carbon atoms C8H18 CH3 – (CH4)6 – CH3

12. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Homework Read Sec. 1 p. 700-704 only Read Sec 4. p. 738-741 only

13. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons 1.To learn about some common polymers Objectives: SWBAT Chapter 21

14. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Polymers Polymers – large chainlike molecules made from many small molecules called monomers –Simplest polymer: polyethylene –(Addition) Polymerization is the process in which monomers are added together to form polymers. Section 20-4 Chapter 21

15. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Polymers Condensation polymerization – a small molecule (often water) is released for each addition of a monomer to the polymer chain Dimer: a molecule that forms from 2 or more monomers Trimer: a molecule that forms from 3 or more monomers –For example: Nylon Chapter 21

16. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Small monomers may be identical or different Monomers are linked together like beads on a necklace to form the polymer Section 20-4 Chapter 21

17. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons 4 Types of Biomolecules 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Section 20-4 Chapter 21

18. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Lipids Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol Polymer: Lipids –Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature due to double bonds (bent structure) –Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature and no double bonds (full of hydrogen) Section 20-4 Chapter 21

19. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer Section 20-4 Chapter 21

20. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates Examples: Sugars & Starches Monomer: Monosaccharides –Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose Polymer: Polysaccharides (starches) –Cellulose: Plant starch –Glycogen: Animal Starch Section 20-4 Chapter 21

21. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer Section 20-4 Chapter 21

22. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Proteins Examples: Hair, nails and enzymes Monomer: Amino Acids Polymer: Protein Structure: Long chains of amino acids Section 20-4 Chapter 21

23. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Primary Structure of Proteins Building a protein – Formed by peptide bonds Longer chains of amino acids are called polypeptides Reactions between 2 amino acids form a dipeptide Section 20-4 Chapter 21

24. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Proteins Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer Section 20-4 The order in which the amino acids are arranged determines the unique shape and function/characteristics of the protein. Chapter 21

25. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Nucleic Acids Examples: DNA & RNA Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & nitrogen base) Polymer: Nucleic Acid Structure: Long chains of nucleotides found in a twisted or folded structure Chapter 21

26. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Nucleic Acids Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer Section 20-4 Chapter 21

27. Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Homework Read p. 752-760 only Read p. 762-775 only Chapter 21