2. WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Used to talk about a hypothesis in the past (normally with IF + PAST PERFECT) If I had studied more, I would have gotten a better result. Obs. Inverting the if-part of the sentence does not change its meaning.

3. COULD / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Used to talk about a possibility in the past that did not happen. You could/might have told me you loved me.

4. SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Used to indicate that an advisable action in the past was not performed. You should not have gotten all that rain yesterday.

5. WISH PRESENT: Wish + simple past. I wish I were at the beach. (now) PAST: Wish + past perfect. I wish I had gone to the beach last year. Obs. WERE for all the persons (to be).

6. To hold out (one’s hand): To greet someone. To go through (a ‘bad’ situation): To experience it. To go away (a problem, a pain): To finish / to disappear.

7. HAVE SOMETHING DONE Used when we talk about something that someone else is doing for us because we’ve paid or asked for it. IT MAY BE USED IN ANY TENSES Next week I will have my house painted.

8. To run after (someone/somenthing that moves): To pursue. To give up (doing something): To stop doing it (because it is very difficult). To give yourself up: To let the police catch you).

9. The same purpose of causative form, but now emphasizing WHO is doing it for you. It also may be used in ANY tenses. Next week I’ll have John paint my house. The main verb (paint) is ALWAYS in the infinitive WITHOUT to.

10. Added to some verbs to form the noun that describes the performer of an action (a person or a tool/thing): Added to some verbs to form the noun that describes the performer of an action (a person or a tool/thing): To write = writER To write = writER To listen = listenER To listen = listenER To slice = slicER To slice = slicER To mix = mixER To mix = mixER To win = winNNER (cvc rule).

11. To come across (something/someone) To meet by chance. To go with (something): To choose something (to eat/to dress). To knock (something) over: To make it fall accidentally.

12. POSITION OF DIRECT OBJECT Direct object comes right after the verb just preceded by an article. Direct object comes right after the verb just preceded by an article. We bought a house. (article before) To buy: (who buys, buys something). What did we buy? A house. To buy: (who buys, buys something). What did we buy? A house.

13. POSITION OF INDIRECT OBJECT Indirect object needs a preposition to precede it. We traveled TO England last month. To travel: (who travels, travels TO some place). Where did you travel to? TO England.

14. The usual sequence is: Subject+verb+(article)+direct obj.+prep+indirect obj. Sam gave a purse for Emily.

15. However, you can place the indirect object right after the verb, in this case, the preposition is not used: Sam gave (no prep) Emily a purse. Subj.+verb+Ind obj.+(article)+Dir obj.

16. USING DO TO AVOID REPETITION OF A PREVIOUS VERB - Who answered the phone? - Sam did. - He always does. - Why don’t you?

17. HELP, LET, MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING TO HELP: followed either by the infitive without TO (more common) or the full infinitive (less common). They helped John find his keys. (+ com) They helped John to find his keys. (- com)

18. HELP, LET, MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING TO LET / TO MAKE: ALWAYS followed by infinitive WITHOUT to. Tom will let the children have a dog. They know how to make me feel fine.

19. To go along with (someone): To agree with someone’s ideas. To break down (something): To stop working.

20. THE SUFFIXES –IZE AND –IFY Added at the end of some nouns or adjectives to form verbs. American =AmericanIZE Personal = PersonalIZE Beauty = BeautIFY Electric = ElectricIFY

21. THE PREFIXES –IM AND –DIS Added at the beginning of some words or adjectives to give a negative force. Mature =IMmature Polite = IMpolite Like = DISlike Honest = DIShonest

22. WON’T AND WOULDN’T FOR REFUSALS WON’T: to express refusals in the present. He won’t forgive me for this! WOULDN’T: to express refusals in the past. I tried to talk to you yesterday, but you wouldn’t answer the phone.

23. To play around with (something): To deal carelessly with it. To mess up: To make something very badly. To destroy. To live down (a mistake/bad action): To forget it. To make it be forgotten.

24. VERBS OF PERCEPTION FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO OR THE –ING FORM Infinitive without to/-ing form: to feel, to hear, to look at, to notice and to see. I saw your sister work/working at the library yesterday.

25. VERBS OF PERCEPTION FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO OR THE –ING FORM Infinitive without to ONLY: to listen to and to watch. I always listen to you complain about life. John watched Mary sleep.

26. VERBS OF PERCEPTION AND EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY THE –ING FORM “ONLY” To smell, to find. To spend time/money; to waste time/ money; to have trouble/difficulty.

27. I smell something burning! I smell something burning! He found J.J. trying to scape. He found J.J. trying to scape. I’m spending my time sleeping. I’m spending my time sleeping. Don’t waste your money buying such a lemon. Don’t waste your money buying such a lemon. She’s having difficulty working alone. She’s having difficulty working alone. He had troubles asking her out. He had troubles asking her out.

28. THE PREFIX IR- Used in the beginning of a word to give it a negative force: Responsible = IRresponsible Regular = IRregular Relevant = IRrelevant

29. POLITE REQUESTS Asking someone to do something: can, will (less polite), could, would (more polite). Do you think you could... do... Would you mind... doing...

30. POLITE REQUESTS Asking permission to do something: can, (less polite), could, may (more polite). Would it be all right if I... did... Is it ok if I... do... Would you mind if I... did...(+ polite)

31. OFFERS Offering something to someone: Would you like some water? Would you like to drink coffee? Would you care for some tea?

32. OFFERS Offering to do something to someone: Will, Can I’ll find the book for you. (If you want) Can I help you with the dinner? I can give you a ride. (If you like) Would you like me to bring those boxes?

33. Now that you’ve finished this step in your life, don’t give up making the necessary efforts to grow up more and more. It was amazing how you’ve taught me during this time together and I hope I could have helped you somehow. Thanks for everything you’ve done for me, thanks for being here, thanks for helping me to see how wonderful it is to have the opportunity of growing with you. GOD BLESS YOU YOU MAKE ME FEEL BRAND NEW!!! LOVE,TEACHERDRY