1. Section 1: Launching a New Nation California Content Standards: 8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties. 8.3.5 Know the significance of how the federal government responded to the Whiskey Rebellion. 8.4.1 Describe the political divisions during the terms of the first four presidents. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

2. The First Presidency Congress and the President chose people to run the institutions created by the Constitution.  Congress passed laws creating 3 departments for the executive branch:  Treasury Department  State Department  War Department  Each department would be lead by a secretary appointed by the President. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

3. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was appointed the first Secretary of State by Washington. Jefferson was responsible for managing relations with foreign countries. He was a strong supporter of the French Revolution. Jefferson supported states’ rights. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

4. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton was appointed the first Secretary of the Treasury by Washington. Hamilton was responsible for developing a plan to solve the new nation’s financial problems. He supported a strong federal government. Hamilton believed the U.S. should maintain a strong alliance to the British. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

5. Secretary of War Henry Knox was appointed the first Secretary of War by Washington. Knox was Chief Artillery Officer for Washington during the Revolutionary War. He is famous for ending the siege of Boston by hauling cannons 300 miles, over mountains, from upstate New York to Boston during the winter of 1775-76. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

6. Attorney General Edmund Randolph was appointed the first Attorney General by Washington. Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention. He proposed the establishment of a national court system at the convention. Randolph succeeded Jefferson as Secretary of State when he resigned in 1793. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

7. Hamilton’s Financial Plan The federal government owed millions of dollars but lacked money with which to pay its debts. Alexander Hamilton proposed a three-part plan to address the economic crisis. 1.The U.S. government would fully assume all federal and state debts. 2.The government would charter a national bank for depositing government funds. 3.The government would impose a high tariff on goods imported into the country. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

8. The Whiskey Rebellion When Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against a federal tax on whiskey, President Washington responded with armed force. In 1791, Congress imposed a tax on all whiskey made and sold in the U.S. Many farmers organized protests and refused to pay the tax. In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled, burning down the home of a tax collector. Washington sent 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

9. Section 2: The Birth of Political Parties California Content Standards: 8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

10. Republicans Against Federalists  Believed people should have political power  Favored strong state government  Emphasized agriculture  Favored strict interpretation of Constitution  Were pro-French  Opposed national bank  Opposed protective tariff  Believed wealthy and educated should lead  Favored strong central government  Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade  Favored loose interpretation of Constitution  Were pro-British  Favored national bank  Favored protective tariff Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

11. The Election of 1796 The 1796 election gave the United States a Federalist President and a Republican Vice President  John Adams, a New Englander, had been Washington’s Vice President.  Thomas Jefferson, a Virginian, received the second-most votes and became Vice President.  Serious tensions developed between the two parties over the next four years.  Northern states supported Adams while Southern states supported Jefferson. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

12. Section 3: Troubles at Home and Abroad California Content Standards: 8.1.3 Analyze how the American Revolution affected other nations, especially France. 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Washington’s Farewell Address). 8.5.3 Outline the major treaties with American Indian nations during the administrations of the first four presidents and the varying outcomes of those treaties. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

13. Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Settlers clashed with British- backed Native Americans in the Northwest Territory Many American leaders believed the country’s future depended on settling its western lands. The federal government tried to force Native Americans to sell their lands. By 1790, the U.S. had purchased most of Kentucky and Tennessee. Native Americans refused to sell land north of the Ohio River. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

14. Conflicts in the Northwest Territory Settlers clashed with British- backed Native Americans in the Northwest Territory Over the next five years, Native American warriors, supplied with British weapons, attacked settlers. Finally, in 1794, the settlers won the Battle of Fallen Timbers, breaking the hold on the Northwest Territory. In 1795, the Native Americans gave up most of their lands from the Ohio River to Lake Erie by agreeing to the Treaty of Greenville. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

15. The French Revolution Americans at first welcomed the French Revolution, but they divided over how to respond. Most Americans at first supported the revolutionaries. As violence increased, and the king and queen were executed, the American people became divided in their support. The Federalists were against supporting France. The Republicans were supportive of France Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

16. Jay’s Treaty In 1793, Britain and France were at war. The U.S. tried to remain neutral. Britain began to impress American sailors into the British navy. Hamilton pushed for a treaty with Britain to protect trade interests. In 1795, a treaty was signed that guaranteed the British would not impress sailors or aid the Native Americans in the Northwest. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

17. Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address has had lasting influence  Washington made 2 major points: 1.He warned against political divisions at home. 2.He stated that the U.S. must not get entangled in the affairs of Europe. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

18. Section 4: The Presidency of John Adams California Content Standards: 8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of the Alien and Sedition Acts). 8.3.7 Understand the functions and responsibilities of a free press. 8.4.1 Describe the country’s political divisions during the terms of the first four presidents. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

19. Troubles With France Despite many Americans’ desire for war against France, John Adams managed to resolve differences peacefully. The French were angered by U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Britain. In the XYZ Affair, agents of the French government wanted the U.S. to pay a bribe of $250,000 and loan France several million dollars. The bribe attempt made many Federalists angry with France. Federalists wanted Congress to declare war against France, but they did not. Adams sent a delegation to arrange a truce with Napoleon. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

20. The Alien and Sedition Acts During the troubles with France, Federalists in Congress passed drastic laws to limit immigration and restrict free speech. The Alien Act of 1798 was directed at immigrants. The act increased the length of time a person had to live in the U.S. to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. The President gained the power to deport or imprison any alien he considered dangerous. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

21. The Alien and Sedition Acts During the troubles with France, Federalists in Congress passed drastic laws to limit immigration and restrict free speech. The Sedition Act of 1798 was directed at Republicans. The act made it a crime to write or say anything insulting or anything false about the President, Congress, or the government in general. During 1798 and 1799, 10 people were convicted under the act. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)

22. States’ Rights Critics of the Alien and Sedition acts argued that states could refuse to obey certain federal laws. James Madison wrote a resolution attacking the Alien and Sedition acts that was passed by the Virginia legislature. Thomas Jefferson wrote a similar resolution that was passed by the Kentucky legislature. Both resolutions declared that states had the right to declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional. Chapter 4 First Steps (1789 – 1800)