1. The Federalist Era

2. The First President Essential Question:
What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?

3. The First President
Predicting: How might the first leader of a new nation shape future leaders roles?
Traditions
Setting limits on powers
Showing how duties will be performed

4. President Washington
April 30, 1789 – George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States
John Adams is Vice President
Washington knew that the precedents, or traditions he established would shape the future of the US

7. The First Congress Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury
Thomas Jefferson
Handled relations with other nations
Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
Handled financial matters
Cabinet
Secretary of Treasury, State, Defense, Attorney General
President has power to dismiss cabinet officers without senate approval

8. Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress established a federal court system
State laws remained but federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions
Supreme Court would have final authority
John Jay chosen as first chief
justice of the Supreme Court

9. The New Country’s Economy
New Nation faced a huge national debt
Amount of money owed by the United States government
Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wanted to improve the governments financial reputation

10. Hamilton’s Plan Pay millions of dollars in debt to other countries
Pay off debts to American citizens that had been borrowed through bonds
Paper notes promising to repay money at a later date
Hamilton faced much opposition
Original bond owners felt betrayed
Southern states were angry because they collected much less debt than northern states
Compromise wins out
States would be paid back
Nation’s capital would be in the South
National Bank was created

11. Tariffs and Taxes
Hamilton called for a tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition
The South opposed because they had little industry
Hamilton called for national taxes to help pay off debt
Tax on whiskey implemented

12. Precedents Established by Washington
Foreign policy of neutrality
Creation of the cabinet
Two terms in office
The Inaugural Address

13. Early Challenges Essential Question:
What challenges did the US face during Washington’s administration?

14. The Whiskey Rebellion
Growing resistance by Pennsylvania farmers to tax on whiskey
1794 – Armed mob attacked tax collectors and burned buildings
Washington and his advisors decided to crush the rebellion with force
Sends message that government will use force if necessary to keep the social order

15. The Whiskey Rebellion

16. Struggle Over the West
Americans move onto Native American territory and fighting breaks out
British in Ohio River Valley and encourage Native Americans to attack American settlers
Some Americans want to form an alliance with France against Britain

17. Washington Proclaims Neutrality
The French tried to involve the US in a conflict with England
Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality
Prohibits Americans citizens from fighting in the conflict
Barred British and French warships from American ports
British were still impressing Americans which angered the US
Conflict ended with Jay’s Treaty but did not address impressment

18. Treaty With Spain
1795 – Pinckney’s Treaty gave US access to Mississippi River and New Orleans
Washington did not seek a third term
1797 Farewell Address
Attacked political parties
Advised US to stay out of foreign affairs

19. Making Connections
How did the British challenge U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain?
Answer the Essential Question: What challenges did the US face during Washington’s administration?

20. The First Political Parties
Essential Question:
How did the Federalist and the Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?

21. Opposing Views
By 1796, Americans began to take opposing sides on issues
Washington’s cabinet members, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton often disagreed
Political Parties, often called “factions,” emerged

22. Republicans Vs. Federalists
1. Were led by Thomas Jefferson
2. Believed people should have political power
3. Favored strong state government
4. Emphasized agriculture
5. Favored strict interpretation of Constitution
6. Were pro-French
7. Opposed national bank
8. Opposed protective tariff

23. Republicans Vs. Federalists
1.Were led by Alexander Hamilton
2.Believed wealthy and educated should lead
3.Favored strong central government
4.Emphasized trade and manufacturing
5.Favored loose interpretation of Constitution
6.Were pro-British
7.Favored national bank
8.Favored protective tariff

24. Election of 1796
Candidates sought office for the first time as members of political parties
Federalists and Republicans held caucuses
Meeting where party members choose their parties’ candidate for office
Federalist John Adams ran against Republican Thomas Jefferson
Adams wins, Jefferson becomes Vice President

25. XYZ Affair
French regarded the 1794 Jay’s Treaty as an American attempt to help Britain
French began seizing American ships and impressing American people
1797 – Adams sent three diplomats to Paris to resolve the dispute
French diplomats, known as X,Y and Z, demanded a bribe that America refused
America was prepared for war but eventually the issue was resolved

26. Alien and Sedition Acts
Due to conflict with France, Americans became more suspicious of aliens
Many supported the French Revolution
Their loyalty was questioned
Alien and Sedition Acts were passed (1798)
Strict laws to protect the nation’s security
President could imprison aliens or send them out of the country for speaking out against the government

27. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
James Madison and Jefferson said the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
Hoped states would nullify the acts
Hurt Adam’s chances for reelection

28. Making Connections
Using the diagram below, summarize each event and explain how it influenced the next one.
Essential Question: How did the Federalist and the Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?