1. Reform Movements

2. Reform Movements Learning Objectives
Explain how political and religious trends (___________), including the Second Great Awakening, inspired reform movements.
Describe the impact of movements for temperance and for the reform of mental health care and prisons.
Explain the impact of movements for the reform of education and care for the disabled.

3. Reform Movements Key Terms
Social reform – an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society.”
Predestination – the decree of God by which certain souls are foreordained to salvation.
Second Great Awakening – a widespread religious movement in the United States in the early 1800s led by Methodist and Baptists preachers
Revivals – a large outdoor religious meeting
Debtors – a person who cannot pay money he or she owes
temperance movement – the campaign against alcohol consumption (Use)

4. An Era of Reform
The period between 1815 and 1860 is sometimes known as the Reform Era in the United States, because there were so many movements for social reform during this period. Social reform is an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society. The impulse toward social reform had political, social, and religious causes.

5. An Era of Reform Political Ideals Lead to Reform
During the Jackson Era more people are allowed to vote
Property requirements are dropped by most states
Many states offer universal suffrage for adult white males
Social Conditions Call for Reform
Slavery was being banned in many northern states
Britain and other European countries outlaw slavery altogether during the early 1800s
The Second Great Awakening and Its Causes
Arguments by great religious thinkers such as Charles Grandison Finney
Democratic spirit of the Jacksonian Era

6. An Era of Reform
Analyze Charts: Based on the information in the chart, how did the reform movement reflect American culture in the early 1800s?

7. An Era of Reform
During the Second Great Awakening, preachers like ae the these camp meetings stressed the ability to save one’s soul through action. Identify Central Ideas: How did this teaching influence reform movements in the 1800s?

8. Social Reform Movements
The emphasis the Second Great Awakening placed on improving society inspired many Americans. Women often played a leading role in these reform movements. These Americans launched a number of reform movements, with far-reaching effects on prisons, care of the disabled, education, and attitudes toward slavery.

9. Social Reform Movements
Reforming Care of the Disabled – One of the most vigorous social reformers was Dorothea Dix
In 1841, Dix visited a jail for women near Boston. She was outraged to discover that some of the prisoners were not criminals, but mentally ill.
Dix went on to inspect jails as far away as Louisiana and Illinois. Her reports persuaded most legislatures to treat the mentally ill as patients, not criminals.

10. Impact of Prison Reform
Dix also joined a growing movement to improve conditions in prisons.
Five out of six people in northern jails were debtors,
Men, women, and children were often crammed together in cold, damp rooms.
Dix and others called for changes in the prison system.
As a result, some states built prisons with only one or two inmates to a cell.
Cruel punishments were banned, and people convicted of minor crimes received shorter sentences.
Slowly, states stopped treating debtors as criminals.

11. The Impact of the Temperance Movement
Alcohol abuse was widespread in the early 1800s.
At political rallies, weddings, and funerals, men, women, and sometimes even children drank heavily.
The temperance movement, a campaign against alcohol abuse, took shape in the late 1820s. Women often took a leading role in the battle.
They knew that “demon rum” could lead to the physical abuse of wives and children and the breakup of families.
Some gains were made as Maine and other states banned the sale of alcohol in the 1850s
Most states; however, repealed the “Maine Laws”
The temperance crusade would gain new strength in the late 1800s.

12. The Impact of Educational Reform
In 1800, few American children attended school.
Massachusetts was the only state that required free public schools supported by the community.
Teachers were poorly trained and ill paid. Students of all ages crowded together in a single room.
As more men won the right to vote, reformers acted to improve education. They argued that a republic required educated citizens.
In this engraving from the mid-1800s, students in a one-room schoolhouse recite poetry as their teacher listens.

13. The Impact of Educational Reform
Education Reform Gives Rise to Public Schools
Expanding Education for African Americans
Reforming Education for People With Disabilities

14. Quiz: An Era of Reform
Leaders of the Second Great Awakening differed from earlier American Protestants in their emphasis on the power of
A. love.
B. faith.
C. free will.
D. obedience.

15. Quiz: Social Reform Movements
Dorothea Dix's reports about the treatment received by the mentally ill held in jail persuaded legislatures to
A. release them.
B. move them to warmer cells.
C. forbid beatings and cruelty.
D. treat them as patients, not criminals.

16. Quiz: The Impact of Educational Reform
How were schools in Massachusetts supported in 1800?
A. by fees
B. by taxes
C. by donations
D. by charitable foundations