1. WWI Chapter 27

2. “Civilization has climbed above such perils; the interdependence of nations in trade and traffic, the scope of public law, Christian charity, and common sense has branded such nightmares impossible… It would be a pity to be wrong…” ~ Winston Churchill

3. Setting the Stage: WWI Causes WWI Militarism Alliances  Imperialism  Nationalism

4. The Spark = Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28, 1914

5. Gavril Princep and the Blackhand

6. Set into motion deadly web of alliances

7. Franz Ferdinand’s Death Set into Motion a Deadly Web of Alliances

8. WWI Sides: The Belligerents Allied Powers France GB Russia Italy United States and Japan (eventually) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

10. WWI: A TOTAL WAR Total War = All resources used for war Propaganda Civilian responsibility New Industrial weapons/inventions in land, air, sea

11. Weapons by Sea: Dreadnoughts and U-Boats

12. Weapons by Air: Airplanes and Zeppelins Red Baron

13. Weapons by Land: Machine Gun

14. Weapons by Land: Railroad Guns

15. Trenches

16. Trench Foot

17. Weapons by Land: Gas

18. Burns from Mustard Gas

19. Animal Messengers and Gas Masks

20. Weapons by Land: Tanks

21. Total War made WWI a… War of Attrition: A slow wearing-down war in which each side tried to outlast the other

22. Theaters of War

23. Major Battles WWI 1914 Battle of Marne: W-front France stops German adv. into Paris Trench warfare begins Battle of Tannenberg E-front Huge German Win! Prob. Germany in 2-front war

24. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

25. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

26. Major Battles WWI continued… 1915 Battle of Gallipoli Turkish-front Allie’s defeated by Ottoman E! Russia remains landlocked

27. United States Entry into WWI U.S. “neutral” until April 6 th, 1917 / May 28 th 1918 our first victory at Cantigny (North of Paris) Events that pushed U.S. into WWI: 1. Unrestricted Germ. submarine warfare Sinking of Lusitania Zimmerman Note / O throw of Russian Czar.

28. Russia Before WWI Serfdom ended, but most people poor & uneducated 1904 Russia lost Russo-Japanese War 1905 Czar ended Absolute Rule; Duma created But Duma very weak By 1914 Russia Ripe for Revolution!!!

29. Russia in WWI WWI exposed Russia’s weaknesses No food, No arms, Terrible roads Russia Isolated b/c of Ottoman Empire By 1917 Russian people & army had lost faith in the Czar Eventually, Czar abdicates and provisional gov. created

30. Problems w/ Provisional Government 2 Big Problems: 1. Wanted to stay in WWI 2. Socialism Growing 2 Socialist Factions 1.Mensheviks  Moderates  Gradual change 2.Bolsheviks  Radicals  Force change  Led by Vladimir Lenin  “Peace, Land, Bread”

31. The October Revolution: Nov. 7, 1917 Bolsheviks o/throw provisional gov. After… Rename self Communist Party Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovisk But Still Have a Problem… Opposition from Mensheviks and Czar’s supporters

32. 1918 Russian Civil War 2 Sides: Reds – Communists Whites – Mensheviks, all other anti-”Red” including Allies from WWI Reds/Lenin kill Czar and his family 1921 Reds Win 1922 Russia becomes USSR

33. Defeat of Central Powers and End of WWI 1918: Germ. focuses on W. Front; but had to fight Amer. Bulgaria, AH and Ottomans surrender Germ. Kaiser steps down; German Weimar Republic formed Weimar Republic signs Armistice in Nov. WWI Fighting OVER!!!

34. WWI Causalities – 16 mill. Dead

35. Paris Peace Conference Meeting of the Big 4: GB: David Lloyd George France: George Clemenceau United States: Woodrow Wilson Italy: Vittorio Orlando Who were these men and what kind of “peace” did each of them want?

36. Areas of Concern Blame? Reparations? Colonies of Central Powers? Rhineland? Alsace-Lorraine? Saar? Poland? Danzig? Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Estonia? Czechoslovakia?

37. OTHER PROBLEMS W/ PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE… No Russia or Central powers invited!

38. Other Problems w/ the Paris Peace Conference 1. Russia and Central Powers not invited 2. Political Problems 3. Territorial Conflicts 4. Reparations 5. How to maintain peace Force Wilson’s 14 Points Freedom of seas, no secret treaties, no economic barriers, reduce arms, fair land divisions, establish League of Nations

39. WWI Causalities

40. Treaty of Versailles Officially ended WWI 1919 Treated Germany Harsh Formed Independent Republics Formed League of Nations

41. Europe Before WWI

42. Europe After WWI