1. No Taxation without Representation: The American Perspective n Colonists try to reserve internal colonial authority for their own legislatures n Colonists assume their legislatures equal in some ways to Parliament n Americans not represented at all in Parliament n British officials espouse “virtual representation” n Colonists insist only colonial assemblies should represent Americans

2. Eroding the Bonds of Empire II: Proclamation of 1763 n Colonists determined to settle trans- Appalachian West n Proclamation of 1763 bans settlement in trans-Appalachian West n Colonists see post-war army as there to enforce proclamation

3. Paying Off the National Debt n Prime Minister George Grenville attempts to reduce England’s war debt n Revenue Act of 1764 (the Sugar Act) n Merchants and gentry protest; most colonists ignore

4. Colonial Products and Trade

5. Popular Protest n 1765—Stamp Act requires that colonists purchase stamps to validate documents n Patrick Henry and the Virginia Resolves, unites the gentry and the mass of the population in protest n Stamp Act Congress petitions the king and Parliament for repeal n Sons of Liberty protest includes riots, mob violence, and boycotts

6. Fueling the Crisis: The Townshend Duties n Charles Townshend: chancellor of the exchequer n 1767—Townshend Duties tax American imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea n American Board of Customs Commissioners created to collect duties

7. Fueling the Crisis: Response to the Townshend Duties n Sons of Liberty organize boycott of English goods n Circular letter from Massachusetts House of Representatives urges protest n Ninety-two Massachusetts representatives defy government order to rescind letter

8. Fatal Show of Force n English government moves 4000 troops to Boston n Troops clash with Boston’s population n March 5, 1770—English soldiers fire on civilian crowd, kill five Americans –Incident labeled the “Boston Massacre” –Victims seen as martyrs –Paul Revere engraving a best seller n Townsend Duties repealed 1770, except tea

9. The Final Provocation: The Boston Tea Party n 1773—Parliament passes Tea Act – Designed to help the East India Company by making the sale of its tea cheaper in America n Americans interpret this as a subtle ploy to get them to consume taxed tea n December 1773—Boston protestors dump the tea into the harbor

10. The Final Provocation: The Coercive Acts n Port of Boston closed until tea paid for n Massachusetts government re-structured – Upper house made appointive body – Town meetings permitted only once a year n Accused officials to be tried in England, not America n Army authorized to quarter troops wherever needed

12. Steps Toward Independence n September 1774—First Continental Congress in response to Coercive Acts n Congress commends “Suffolk Resolves” urging forcible resistance n Intercolonial “Association” halts commerce with Britain until Coercive Acts repealed

13. Shots Heard Around the World n April 19, 1775—skirmish breaks out in Lexington, Massachusetts n Fighting spreads along road between Lexington, Concord, and Boston n English retreat to Boston with heavy losses n June 17, 1775—colonists inflict heavy losses on British in Battle of Bunker Hill

14. Beginning “The World Over Again”: Early War Effort n British colonial governments collapse n Second Continental Congress—action and inaction –June 1775—Congress appoints George Washington commander in chief –Congress issues paper money to pay war debts –Debates whether to declare independence

15. Beginning “The World over Again”: Decision for Independence n January 1776—Thomas Paine’s Common Sense –Convinces ordinary colonists to sever ties with Britain –Europe, not England, “is the parent country of America” n Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence n Acceptance –July 2, 1776—Independence voted by Congress –July 4—Declaration of Independence issued

16. Declaration of Independence n After reading the Declaration answer the following questions on a piece of notebook paper… 1.) Describe what Jefferson is saying in the preamble. 2.)Jefferson said “All men are created equal” in this declaration. Do you believe that he and the other delegates believed that? Why or why not? 3.) Jefferson lists many grievances against the king of England. Please identify three, and then explain which Act of Parliament the grievances apply to.