1. Respiratory System
HST I

2. Includes: Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura
Mediastinum

3. Main organs involved in the respiratory system:
Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli (within lungs)
Lungs

4. Nasal Cavity Anterior Nares = nostrils
Nasal Septum = cartilage which divides nasal cavities into right and left sides
Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase the surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membranes
Cilia – the hairs in the nose; trap larger dirt particles

5. Sinuses:
Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membranes to warm and moisten air
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

6. Pharynx
The throat
Common passageway for air and food
5” long
Divided into:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
When food is swallowed, the epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

7. Larynx Voice box Triangular chamber below the pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords (glottis)
Adam’s Apple

8. Trachea Windpipe 4 ½” long
Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open
Lined with ciliated mucous membranes
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

9. Bronchi and bronchioles
Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus
As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

10. Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings)
Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
At the end, alveolar ducts and cluster of alveoli

11. Alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with surfactant – to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

12. Lungs Fill thoracic cavity Separated by mediastinum and heart
Upper part = apex
Lower part = base
Base fits snugly over diaphragm
Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats
R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes
L lung = smaller (displaced by heart) and has 2 lobes

13. Diaphragm
Large dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically, continually, and most of the time, involuntarily.

14. Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the lungs
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

15. Mediastinum Interpleural space Contains Thymus gland Heart (and aorta)
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Superior and inferior vena cava
Esophagus
Trachea
Thoracic duct
Lymph nodes and vessels

16. Functions of the Respiratory System
External, internal, and cellular respiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)

17. Oxygen is the MOST critical substance needed by the body for survival.
We can only live about 4-6 minutes without oxygen.
Arterial blood = 21% O2
Venous blood = 16% (5% loss per cycle)

18. Clinical death – the moment breathing and heartbeat stop
Biological death – when brain cells die, irreversible after 6 – 10 minutes

19. Constant removal of carbon dioxide is just as important for survival – maintains homeostasis2

20. Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Inspiration
Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward – this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in
Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process

21. Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
Normal adult = 14 – 20 respirations / min
Age dependent - newborn = 40 – 60 / min
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓

22. Lung Capacity and Volume
Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity
Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.
Normal = 500 mL
Residual Volume – amount of air left in lungs that cannot be voluntarily expelled

23. Hyperventilation –
Rapid breathing causes body to lose CO2 too quickly, blood CO2 decreases which leads to alkalosis
Symptoms – dizziness and possible fainting
Rx – have person breathe into a paper bag

24. Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions
A communicable disease is caused by a pathogenic organism that can be easily transmitted to others

25. An epidemic occurs when the communicable disease spreads rapidly from person to person and affects a large number of people at the same time

26. A pandemic exists when the outbreak of disease occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population

27. Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions
Transmission-based isolation precautions are methods or techniques of caring for patients who have communicable diseases
Examples of communicable diseases include:
Tuberculosis
Wound infections
Pertussis (whooping cough)

28. Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions
The type of transmission-based isolation depends on the causative organism of the disease, the way the organism is transmitted and whether the pathogen is antibiotic resistant.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to provide protection from the pathogen.
Some transmission-based isolation require the use of gowns, gloves, face shields and masks, while others only require the use of a mask.

29. What’s the difference between standard precautions and isolation precautions?
Standard precautions are used on all patients, while transmission-based isolation techniques are used to provide extra protection against specific diseases or pathogens to prevent their spread Vs.

30. Airborne Precautions
Used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei, where the droplets contain microorganisms and remain suspended in the air.
Examples of diseases requiring isolation include rubella (measles), varicella (chicken pox), and tuberculosis.

31. Airborne Precautions (cont.)
The patient must be placed in a private room, and the door must be kept closed.
Air in the room must be discharged to outdoor air or filtered before being circulated to other areas.
Each person must wear a mask that contains special filter to prevent the entrance of small airborne pathogens.
If at all possible, the patient should not be moved from the room. If transport is essential, the patient should wear a surgical mask during transport to minimize the release of droplets into the air.

32. Droplet Precautions
Must be followed for a patient known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by large droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking or laughing.
Examples of diseases requiring these isolation precautions include diphtheria, pertussis, adenovirus, mumps and severe cases of viral influenza, meningitis and pneumonia.

33. Droplet Precautions (cont.)
The patient should be placed in a private room. If a private room is not available, the patient can be placed in a room with another patient who has the same infection at least 3 feet away from other patients or visitors.
Masks must be worn when working within 3 feet of the patient.
If the patients has to be transported, they must wear a surgical mask.

34. Contact Precautions
Must be followed for any patients known or suspected to be infected with epidemiologically microorganisms that can be transmitted by either direct or indirect contact.
Examples of diseases requiring this type of isolation include any gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms; any highly contagious skin infection; and viral or hemorrhagic conjunctivitis or fevers.

35. Contact Precautions (cont.)
The patient should be placed in a private room.
Gloves must be worn when entering the room.
Gloves must be changed after having contact with material that may contain high concentrations of the microorganisms, such as wound drainage or fecal material.
Gloves must be removed before leaving the room, and the hands must be wash with an antimicrobial agent.
A gown must be worn in the room if there is any chance of contact with the patient, environmental surfaces or items in the room. The gown must be removed before leaving the room and care must be taken to ensure that clothing is not contaminated after gown removal.

36. Contact Precautions (cont.)
Movement and transport of the patient from the room should be for essential purposes only.
The room and items in it must receive daily cleaning and disinfection as needed.
If possible, patient-care equipment (bedside commode, stethoscope, thermometer) should be left in the room and used only for this patient. If not, all equipment must be cleaned and disinfected before being used on another patient.

37. Reverse Isolation Precautions
Used to protect patients from organisms present in the environment.
Examples of patients requiring this isolation include patients whose immune systems have been depressed prior to receiving transplants, severely burned patients, patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation treatments, or patients whose immune systems have failed.

38. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Asthma- a respiratory disorder usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, an animal, medications or a type of food

39. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Bronchitis- an inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes

40. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways

41. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Emphysema- a noninfectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity.

42. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Epistaxis- also known as a nosebleed, occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed

43. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Influenza (flu)- a highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system

44. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Laryngitis- an inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords

45. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Lung Cancer- is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.
It is a preventable disease because the main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco, either through smoking or through exposure to “second-hand” smoke

46. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Pleurisy- an inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs
Usually occurs with pneumonia or other lung infections

47. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Pneumonia- an inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate ( a buildup of fluid) in the alveoli.

48. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Rhinitis- an inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness and congestion.

49. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Sinusitis- an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses

50. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Sleep Apnea- a condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
Two types of Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Central Sleep Apnea

51. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Tuberculosis (TB)- an infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

52. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)- or common cold, is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract

53. Related Health Careers
Internist
Otolaryngologist
Perfusionist
Pulmonologist
Respiratory Therapist
Respiratory Therapy Technician
Thoracic Surgeon

54. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Rhin(o)- denotes the nose
Rhinodynia- pain in the nose
Rhinolith- stone or rock in the nose
Rhinorrhagia- excessive discharge of blood in the nose
Rhinitis- inflammation of the nose
Rhinomycosis- disease condition of fungus in the nose

55. Medical Terminology Root Word(s):
Pneumon(o); pneum(ato); pneum(a)- denotes the lung
Pneumonitis- inflammation in the lung
Pneumonography- to record the lung
Pneumoconiosis- disease condition of dust in the lung
Pneumothorax- chest cavity in the lung
Pneumocentesis- surgical puncture in the lung

56. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Trache(o)- denotes the trachea
Tracheotomy- surgical removal of the trachea
Tracheoplasty- surgical repair of the trachea
Tracheopathy- disease condition in the trachea
Tracheorrhaphy- to suture the trachea
Tracheitis- inflammation in the trachea

57. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Laryng(o)- denotes larynx
Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx
Laryngeal- pertaining to the larynx
Laryngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the larynx
Laryngoscope- visual examination of the larynx
Laryngocentesis- surgical puncture of the larynx

58. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Thorac(o)- denotes the thorax
Thoracodynia- pain in the thorax
Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the thorax
Thoracoscopy- visual examination of the thorax
Thoracoplasty- surgical repair of the thorax
Thoracotomy- surgical removal of the thorax

59. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): pnea- denotes breathing
Eupnea- normal breathing
Dyspnea- difficult breathing
Orthopnea- straight breathing
Hyperpnea- excessive/above breathing
Tachypnea- fast breathing
Apnea- without breathing

60. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Bronch(o)- denotes bronchi
Bronchiectasis- dilation of the bronchi
Bronchitis- inflammation in the bronchi
Bronchoscopy- visual examination of the bronchi
Bronchoplegia- paralysis of the bronchi
Bronchopneumonitis- inflammation of the lung and bronchi

61. Medical Terminology Root Word(s):
Pleur(o)- denotes the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Pleuralgia- pain in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Pleuroclysis- washing out in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Pleuritis- inflammation in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Pleurotomy- surgical incision in the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs
Pleurocentesis- surgical puncture of the membrane lining the chest cavity and covering the lungs

62. Medical Terminology Root Word(s): Pharyng(o)- denotes the pharynx
Pharyngonasal- pertaining to the nose of the pharynx
Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngoscope- visual examination of the pharynx
Pharyngostenosis- abnormal hardening of the pharynx
Pharyngoxerosis- dry condition of the pharynx

63. Abbreviations (G-H) GA gal GB GC GI Gm gr GTT Gyn Gastric Analysis
Gallon
Gallbladder
Gonorrhea
Gastrointestinal
Gram
Grain
Glucose Tolerance Test
Gynecology

64. Abbreviations (G-H) H H2O H2O2 HBV HCI hct HDL Hg Hgb HHA Hydrogen
Water
Peroxide
Hepatitis B Virus
Hydrochloric Acid
Hemacrit
High Density
Mercury
Hemoglobin
Home Health Assistant

65. Abbreviations (G-H) HMO HOB HOH Hr, hr, hrs Ht Hx hypo hyper hyst
Health Maintenance Organization
Head of Bed
Hard of Hearing
Hour, hours
Height
History
Hypodermic, or under
Above, high
hysterectomy