1. The RESPIRATORY System
Also called the Pulmonary System – works closely with the circulatory system -
sometimes called the Cardiopulmonary system

2. Functions of the Respiratory System
Primary Function = Gas Exchange
Bring O2 from the environment to the bloodstream
To remove CO2 from the body/bloodstream
Body has 4-6 minute supply of oxygen

3. Respiration
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
Pulmonary Ventilation - the exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs
External Respiration - gas exchange between the lungs & bloodstream
Internal Respiration - gas exchange between the blood, cells, and tissues
Breathing is really two separate processes
Ventilation – movement of air into and out of the lungs
inspiration & expiration (inhalation & exhalation)
Pulmonary ventilation = breathing
Respiration – the gas exchange process
Rate – breaths/minute
External Respiration – oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange between lungs & bloodstream
Internal Respiration – carbon dioxide & oxygen exchange between the tissue cells &
the bloodstream
Cellular Respiration – exchange of oxygen & nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon
dioxide

4. Organs of the Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Pleura

5. Respiratory System

6. Respiratory Structures

7. Nasal Cavity Nares – openings in the nose
Divided into the right and left sides by the NASAL SEPTUM

8. Internal Nose Structures

9. Functions of the Nose Warming, moisturizing and filtering incoming air
Smell (reception of olfactory stimulus)
Resonating chamber for speech

10. Pharynx (throat)
Extends from the internal nares down to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
Divided into three areas
Nasopharynx – passageway for air only
Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Oropharynx – passageway for both air & food
Contains the palatine tonsils
Laryngopharynx – passageway for food into the esophagus
Laryngopharynx – divides the respiratory tract into the esophagus & the larynx
Esophagus – carries food to the stomach

11. Regions of the Pharynx

12. Functions of the Pharynx
Passageway for food and air
Resonating chamber for speech

13. Larynx (Voice Box)
A short passageway connecting the pharynx with the trachea
Composed of cartilage
epiglottic cartilage (Epiglottis)
thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
cricoid cartilage (attaches the Larynx to the Trachea)
Thyroid cartilage = adam’s apple – largest of the cartilage pieces

14. Larynx Structures

15. Epiglottis
Large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the larynx
Unattached and acts like a trap door covering the opening to the trachea which is called the glottis

16. Epiglottis

17. Glottis
The opening from the pharynx to the larynx containing the vocal cords
Vocal Cords - mucous membrane folds extending across the glottis in two layers
upper layer or folds - false vocal folds
lower layer or folds - true vocal folds
Sounds originate from vibration of these true vocal cords

18. Glottis and Vocal Cords

19. Trachea (windpipe) Anterior to the esophagus
Composed of C-shaped cartilage rings stacked upon one another
Hyaline cartilage rings
Divides into right & left bronchi
Carries air to & from the lungs
Tubular passageway about 12 cm long and 2.54 cm in diameter
Extends from the larynx to about the 5th thoracic vertebrae
Lined with ciliated epithelium
The point where the trachea bifurcates is called the carina
-at about the 5th thoracic vertebrae

20. Trachea and Esophagus

21. Bronchi
Tubes that branch off of the trachea at the carina and extend into the lungs
Serves as a passageway for air
Left Primary Bronchus
Right Primary Bronchus)
Shorter and more vertical
Swallowed objects more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus than the left

22. Bronchial Tree

23. Lungs
Paired - cone shaped organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Right Lung – larger – has three lobes
Left Lung – two lobes
Bronchioles – passageways for air from the bronchi to the alveoli
Alveoli – air sacs where gas exchange takes place (diffusion)
Surrounded by a double membrane called the pleura
Lobes of the Lungs: Superior Lobe, Inferior Lobe, Middle Lobe (Right Lung only)

24. Left Lung

25. Pleural Membrane Parietal Pleura - outer layer of the pleural membrane
Lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura - inner layer of the pleural membrane
Covers the outer surface of the lungs
Between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is a potential space called the pleural cavity
Double membrane = pleura – one is the parietal pleura & the other is the visceral pleura

26. Alveoli
Air sacs - where external respiration occurs (gas exchange between the lungs and the blood)

27. Alveoli

28. Physiology of Ventilation
Ventilation - the process of inhaling and exhaling air in and out of the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation - the process by which air flows between the lungs and the external environment

29. Inspiration (Inhalation)
Bringing air into the lungs from the external environment

30. Ventilation

31. Muscles of Ventilation

32. Expiration (Exhalation)
Movement of air from the lungs to the external environment
Normally a passive process (no energy or muscular contractions required)
Respiration types:
apnea
dyspnea
eupnea
hyperpnea
orthopnea
tachypnea
hyperventilation

33. Physiology of Respiration

34. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

35. Lung Cancer Most fatal cancer in the U.S. Highly metastatic
Usually linked with cigarette smoking
Common irritants include smoking, pollution, dust particles
20 times more prevalent in smokers than non- smokers
Metastatic –

36. Emphysema “Blown up or full of air”
A condition where the alveolar walls lose their elasticity and remain filled with air during expiration
Alveoli become damaged and eventually merge together to form large air sacs with reduced overall volume
Patients often develop a barrel chest
Generally caused by cigarettes, pollution, industrial dust particles

37. Coryza and Influenza Common cold and flu Caused by one of many viruses
Antibiotics cannot help
Medications used to treat the symptoms
sneezing - coughing
congestion - rhinorrhea
May result in rhinitis
rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa

38. Pneumonia Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs
Most common infectious cause of death in the U.S.
Alveolar sacs fill with fluid and dead white blood cells reducing the amount of functional surface area of the lungs
Most commonly caused by bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Affects those in poor health or compromised immune system

39. Tuberculosis (TB) Caused by a bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
An infectious communicable disease that destroys the lung tissue and pleura
Replaced by fibrous connective tissue called tubercles
Disease is spread by inhalation of the bacterium

40. Utah MAP CD