1. Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization
What happens when different cultures first meet?
Teacher Notes
The Big Idea: What happens when different cultures first meet?
Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization

2. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Lesson 1
The World Expands
Lesson 2
Spaniards Reach the Americas
Lesson 3
Spanish Exploration & Conquest
Lesson 4
Spain’s Overseas Empire
Lesson 5
Searching for the Northwest Passage
Click on a Lesson.
Lessons

3. The World Expands PREVIEW
Lesson 1
Vocabulary
How did events in Europe affect exploration?
profit
merchant
barter
navigation
Teacher Notes
Visual Preview: How did events in Europe affect exploration?

4. The World Expands The Middle Ages
Who were the first Europeans to reach North America and why did they abandon the colony?
MC 1 The Vikings (Norse) were the first Europeans to arrive.
They may have left because of diseases and battles with native people.
Teacher Notes
Write About It!: How did the Crusades lead to trade between Europe and Asia?
The Crusades gave Europe greater contact with Asia. Crusaders brought back silks and spices. The demand for Asian goods increased trade between Europe and Asia.
The Crusades were wars for control of Jerusalem.
Marco Polo was one of the most famous merchants in Europe.
He lived in Asia for many years before returning to Europe.
He wrote about his travels in The Travels of Marco Polo and inspired many Europeans to look for new routes to Asia.
The Silk Road was a collection of roads that connected China, India, and the Mediterranean.
Through this trade route, Europeans learned about the printing press, gun powder, and the magnetic compass.

5. The World Expands
Why was the Silk Road important for traders from A.D. 100 until the 1300s?
SA The Silk Road was the only trade route from Europe to Asia from A. D. 100 until the 1300s.
After reaching Asia, what items had Marco Polo and his family never seen in Europe?
MC 2 Paper money and gunpowder were items never seen by Marco Polo and his family before they reached Asia.
Teacher Notes
Fighting among themselves, many African nations were weakened and Europeans began enslaving Africans.
FILL A merchant is a person who makes their living buying and selling goods.
FILL Merchants want to make a profit which is the money that remains after the costs of running a business.

6. The World Expands
FILL To barter is to exchange goods for other goods rather than money.
MC 3 In African kingdoms salt was bartered for gold because it was just as valuable.
Teacher Notes
Prince Henry from Portugal believed that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia.
He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa to increase Portugal’s wealth.
He set up a school where experts worked on navigation.
Before these new developments, sailors rarely left sight of land.

7. The World Expands Who did Prince Henry start a school for?
MC 4 Prince Henry started a school for sailors so they could sail along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia.
What advances in the science of navigation and technology helped further exploration?
FILL Navigation is finding direction and following routes at sea.
Teacher Notes
Prince Henry from Portugal believed that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia.
He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa to increase Portugal’s wealth.
He set up a school where experts worked on navigation.
Before these new developments, sailors rarely left sight of land.
FILL The development of a new ship, the caravel, with both square and triangle-shaped sails, allowed the ship to change direction and catch the wind more easily. 7

8. Spaniards Reach the Americas PREVIEW
Lesson 2
How did Spanish explorers change the Americas?
Vocabulary
expedition
colony
Columbian Exchange
Teacher Notes
Visual Preview: How did Spanish explorers change the Americas?

9. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Christopher Columbus went on an expedition which is a journey with a special purpose. He wanted to get to the Indies faster.
MC 5 On his expedition, Columbus kept two logs: one with the exact distances the ships sailed and one with shorter distances in order to mislead other explorers.
No one would pay for his trip going in the “wrong” direction (west) until the King and Queen of Spain offered.
Columbus thought he landed in the Indies, but he actually landed in the Bahamas (San Salvador). He did NOT get where he was going.
The Native Americans he met there Columbus called the Taíno “Indios” because he believed he had reached the Indies.
Teacher Notes
Columbus was looking for a sea route to Asia when he landed in the Central america. This began the Columbian Exchange of food, animals, and tools between the Americas and Europe.
On Columbus’s future journeys he wanted to set up a colony for Spain. A colony is a settlement far from the county that rules it.

10. Spaniards Reach the Americas
The Columbian Exchange was the movement of animals, plants, and disease across the Atlantic Ocean.
Unfortunately, the Europeans also brought germs and diseases.
This was killing millions of Native Americans by the 1600s.
Teacher Notes
Opinions of Christopher Columbus have changed. At first he was “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” hailed as a visionary sailor and heroic explorer. Recently, historians have considered his voyages from the perspective of Native Americans.

11. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Columbus believed he landed in the Indies; however, Amerigo Vespucci was the first to believe that America was a new land.
As a result, America was named for him by a German geographer in when he labeled the new land.
Teacher Notes
Taínos contributed the following English words:
keys (tropical islands)
hammock
hurricane
potato
savanna

12. Spanish Exploration and Conquest PREVIEW
Lesson 3
Vocabulary
How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires?
empire
conquistador
Teacher Notes
Visual Preview: How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires?

13. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
MC 10 Spain’s desire for wealth (gold) was the main reason they wanted to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires.
Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with over 500 conquistadors to take over the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
MC 9 Montezuma was the leader of the Aztec empire.
Montezuma, welcomed the Spanish, but Cortes took him prisoner and demanded gold in return for Montezuma’s freedom.
Teacher Notes
Aztecs
Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico.
He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses.
Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom.
Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec.
Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.
Incas
Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler.
The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world.
It was successful because the empire was linked by highways.
After the Aztecs refused, violence broke out. The Spaniards were driven away, Montezuma was killed, and the Spaniards left behind a deadly weapon: smallpox.
Tenochtitlan = Mexico City

14. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
In South America lived the Inca. They were the wealthiest empire in the world at the time.
The Inca empire was 2,500 miles long that was linked together by a system of paved roads or “highways.”
Messengers were able to carry important information by RUNNING 50 miles a day!
Teacher Notes
Aztecs
Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico.
He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses.
Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom.
Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec.
Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.
Incas
Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler.
The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world.
It was successful because the empire was linked by highways.
Gold = “sweat of the sun”
Silver = “tears of the moon” 14

15. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
SA The Inca began dying from diseases that spread quickly throughout the empire before Pizarro arrived.
When Francisco Pizarro arrived with only 180 men, the Inca ruler of the North, Atahualpa, was not concerned. He had a bigger problem with Huascar, the southern ruler of the Inca empire.
1In a sneak attack, Pizarro and his men surrounded Cajamarca, killed thousands of Inca, and captured Atahualpa. 2After Atahualpa filled a room with gold and silver, the Spaniards killed him, and sent melted gold and silver back to Spain.
Teacher Notes
Aztecs
Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico.
He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses.
Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom.
Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec.
Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.
Incas
Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler.
The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world.
It was successful because the empire was linked by highways.
Thus, Spain now controlled one of the largest empires in the world. 15

16. Spain’s Overseas Empire PREVIEW
Lesson 4
How did Spain’s growing empire impact life in North America?
Vocabulary
frontier
missionary
enslave
mestizo
Teacher Notes
Visual Preview: How did Spain’s growing empire impact life in North America?

17. Spain’s Overseas Empire
explorers SA
Juan Ponce de Leon
Hernando de Soto
both
Searched in Florida
Never found what they were looking for
claimed land
for Spain
Searching for the Fountain of Youth
Searching for gold
Teacher Notes
Creek
The Creek built wattle-and-daub huts for individual families. Huts were made from poles and covered with grass, mud, or thatch.
They arranged the town around a council house or Chokofa.
They also decorated pots with stamps.
Iroquois
The Iroquois built homes on top of steep-sided hills with wood. These homes are called longhouses.
The used high log fences to protect their villages. 17

18. Spain’s Overseas Empire
MC 11 Coronado and his men were the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon.
Teacher Notes
Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans.
Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them.
Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners.
Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork.
Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment.
The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Spain expanded its empire as they were entering a new frontier. FILL A frontier is the far edge of a settled area.

19. Spain’s Overseas Empire
Spain controlled two large territories in the Americas, and sent rulers overseas to take care of their land.
MC 12 Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them.
MC 15 More workers were needed to work on the encomiendas. So Spanish explorers brought the first enslaved Africans to Mexico.
FILL To enslave people is to force them to work against their will.
Teacher Notes
Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans.
Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them.
Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners.
Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork.
Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment.
The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas.
MC 13 & FILL Bartolome de Las Casas was a missionary, (a person who tries to persuade people to accept new religious beliefs) who wanted to help Native Americans and treat them equally. 19

20. Spain’s Overseas Empire society
Viceroy – ruler in New Spain
MC 14 Peninsulares – Spaniards from Spain
Criollos – people born in New Spain but had “old” Spain parents
FILL Mestizos – people who were both Spanish and Native American
Native Americans and Enslaved Africans – people forced to work without wages
Teacher Notes
Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans.
Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them.
Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners.
Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork.
Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment.
The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas. 20

21. Searching for the Northwest Passage PREVIEW
Lesson 5
Vocabulary
How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people?
Northwest Passage
merchant company
Teacher Notes
Visual Preview: How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people?

22. Searching for the Northwest Passage
What was the importance of the Northwest Passage?
MC 16 It was believed to be a shortcut to Asia that would allow Europeans to make the trip less costly and much faster.
Teacher Notes
The Northwest Passage was a water route which many Europeans believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
A merchant company was a group of businesspeople who shared the costs of a trading voyage.
Point out to students that com- means “together.” In this case, traders do business together.
Unlike the Spanish and the French, the Dutch were more interested in trading with Native Americans than in converting them to Christianity.

23. Searching for the Northwest Passage
MC 19 Did anyone ever find the Northwest passage?
explorer
hired by
discovery
SA John Cabot
King of England
Newfoundland
SA Giovanni de Verrazano
France
Hudson River
SA Henry Hudson
Dutch East India Company
Hudson, Chesapeake, and Delaware Bays
Teacher Notes
The Northwest Passage was a water route which many Europeans believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
A merchant company was a group of businesspeople who shared the costs of a trading voyage.
Point out to students that com- means “together.” In this case, traders do business together.
Unlike the Spanish and the French, the Dutch were more interested in trading with Native Americans than in converting them to Christianity.
No… because it doesn’t exist! 23

24. Review Name the European explorer associated with each area. Mexico
West coast of South America
Florida
Southeastern U.S.
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Southwestern U.S.; first European to see the Grand Canyon
Newfoundland
Hudson River
Hudson, Chesapeake, and Delaware Bays
St. Lawrence River
Lakes Huron, Ontario, Erie and Superior
Lake Michigan
Hernan Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Juan Ponce de León
Hernando de Soto
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
John Cabot
Giovanni da Verrazano
Henry Hudson
Answers
Hernan Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Juan Ponce de León
Hernando de Soto
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
John Cabot
Giovanni da Verrazano
Henry Hudson
Jacques Cartier
Étienne Brûlé
Jean Nicolet
Jacques Cartier
Étienne Brûlé
Jean Nicolet 24

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26. Graphic Organizer Cause and Effect
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