1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 13 Respiratory System and Pulmonology

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory System Primary functions: –Inspiration of oxygen –Expiration of carbon dioxide

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory System Movement of air: –Nasal and sinus passages –Pharynx –Trachea –Bronchi –Bronchioles –Alveoli

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Structures of the Respiratory System

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Exchange of Gases 1.Oxygen diffuses through alveolar wall into surrounding capillaries 2.Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells 3.Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into bloodstream 4.Carbon dioxide moves into alveoli and is exhaled

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Combining Forms Combining formMeaning nas/onose rhin/onose pharyng/opharynx (throat) laryng/olarynx (voice box) trache/otrachea (windpipe) broncho/obronchi or bronchus

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Combining Forms Combining formMeaning bronchiol/obronchioles alveol/oalveoli or alveolus phren/o or diaphragm/odiaphragm pulmon/olung pneum/oair pneumon/olung

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lungs pneumon/o = combining form Examples: –pneumon/o/pathy = any lung disease –pneumon/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of lungs –pneumon/o/melan/osis = lung disease characterized by black lung tissue melan/o

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lung Conditions Examples: –pneumon/itis = inflammation of lungs –pneumon/ia = acute inflammation of lungs Caused by: –Bacteria, fungi, and viruses Treatment: –Antibiotics –atel/ectasis = collapsed lung Dilated or expanded

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lung Procedures Examples: –pneumon/o/tomy = incision into lung –pneumon/ectomy = excision of part or all of lung –pneumon/o/centesis = surgical puncture of lung to remove fluid –pneumon/o/pexy = surgical fixation or attachment of prolapsed lung

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lungs pulmon/o = another combining form for lungs –Used only in a few words Examples: –pulmon/ary and pulmon/ic = pertaining to lungs –cardi/o/pulmon/ary = pertaining to heart and lungs –pulmon/ary valve = heart valve through which blood travels to lungs –pulmon/ary embolus = blood clot moving to lung

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Air pneum/o = combining form –Can also mean lung Examples: –pneum/o/therapy = treatment with compressed air –pneum/o/meter = instrument that measures air volume in respiration spir/o/meter = instrument that measures lung volume

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Air Examples: –pneum/o/derm/a = collection of air under skin –pneum/o/thorax = collection of air in chest cavity Air forced into cavity –pneum/o/py/o/thorax = collection of air and pus in chest cavity –pneum/o/hem/o/thorax = collection of air and blood in chest cavity

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Breathing pne/o = combining form -pnea = suffix form –Used most often Normal breathing rate for adults: –12 to 16 breaths per minute

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Breathing Inspire –To breathe in Expire –To breathe out

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Symptoms TermSymptom a/pneaabsence of breathing dys/pneadifficult breathing hyper/pneaincreased rate and depth of breathing tachy/pnearapid breathing brady/pneaslow breathing ortho/pneaable to breathe only when sitting up or standing

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Symptoms TermSymptom hem/o/pty/sisexpectorating blood hyper/ventil/ationexcessive movement of air in and out of lungs hyp/oxialow oxygen levels in organs and tissues cyan/osisbluish color due to hypoxia

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sputum Combination of mucus and other fluids and substances in respiratory tract ptyal/o = combining form for sputum and saliva Examples: –hemo/pty/sis = coughing up sputum containing blood –ptyal/o/rrhea = drooling due to excess saliva

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nasal Cavity nas/o = combining form Examples: –nas/al = pertaining to nose –nas/itis = inflammation of nasal cavity –nas/o/scope = instrument used to examine nasal cavity

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nasal Cavity Examples: –nas/o/pharyng/itis = inflammation of nose and pharynx –nas/o/front/al = pertaining to nasal and frontal bone –nas/o/lacrimal = pertaining to nose and lacrimal (tear) duct –epi/staxis = nosebleed

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Throat pharynx = throat pharyng/o = combining form Examples: –pharyng/o/pathy = any pharynx disease –pharyng/itis = inflammation of pharynx –pharyng/o/cele = herniation of pharynx –pharyng/o/lith = calculus in wall of pharynx

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Throat Examples: –pharyng/o/tomy = incision of throat –pharyng/o/plasty = surgical repair of throat –pharyng/o/scope = instrument used to examine throat

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Larynx Contains vocal cords laryng/o = combining form Examples: –laryng/o/pathy = any larynx disease –laryng/itis = inflammation of larynx –laryng/algia = pain in larynx –laryng/o/spasm = spasm of larynx

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Larynx Examples: –laryng/o/tomy = incision into larynx –laryng/o/stomy = surgical opening into larynx –laryng/o/scope = instrument used to examine larynx

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trachea trachea = windpipe trache/o = combining form Examples: –trache/al = pertaining to trachea –endo/trache/al = within trachea –trache/algia = pain in trachea –trache/o/cele = herniation of trachea

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trachea Examples: –trache/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage from trachea –trache/o/py/osis = condition of trachea with pus formation –trache/o/scopy = examination of trachea –trache/o/tomy = incision into trachea –trache/ostomy = surgical creation of new opening in trachea –trache/o/laryng/o/tomy = incision of trachea and larynx

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bronchi bronch/o = combining form bronchus = singular form Examples: –bronch/itis = inflammation of bronchi –bronch/o/lith = calculus in bronchus –bronch/o/rrhagia = bronchial hemorrhage –bronch/o/spasm = spasm of bronchus

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bronchi Examples: –bronch/o/scope = instrument used to examine bronchi –bronch/o/scopy = examination of bronchi with instrument –bronch/o/fiber/o/scopy = use of specialized, flexible scope to examine bronchi –bronch/o/stomy = formation of new opening in bronchus –bronch/o/rrhaphy = suturing of bronchus

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pleura Membrane around lungs pleur = combining form pleurae = plural form Examples: –pleur/al = pertaining to pleura –pleur/itis and pleur/isy = inflammation of pleura –pleur/algia and pleur/o/dynia = pain in pleura

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pleura Examples: –pleur/o/lith = calculus in pleura –viscer/o/pleur/al = pertaining to membrane attached to lung –pleur/o/centesis = surgical puncturing of pleura –pleur/ectomy = excision of part of pleura

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diaphragm Muscle that controls breathing phren/o and diaphragm/o = combining forms phren/ic and diaphragm/atic = adjectival forms

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diaphragm Examples: –diaphragm/atic breathing = automatic breathing controlled by brain signaling diaphragm –phren/o/plegia = paralysis of diaphragm –phren/ectomy and phren/ic/ectomy = removal of portion of phrenic nerve

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Croup –Characterized by resonant, barking cough –Occurs mostly in children –Caused by: Viral infection Allergic reaction Inhalation of foreign object

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Asthma –Results in: Spasms in bronchi Wheezing cough Inability to take complete breath

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Asthma –Brought on by: Overexertion Inhalation of irritants Infection Emotional distress

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Emphysema –Terminal bronchioles and alveoli lose elasticity and ability to receive and expel air –Results in: Shortness of breath Chronic cough Cyanosis Wheezing

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Emphysema –Caused by: Smoking cigarettes Breathing dirty, polluted air

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Respiratory Diseases Pertussis –Also known as whooping cough –Characterized by shrill, whooping inspiration and cough –Prevention: Vaccination with DTaP for children Vaccination with Tdap for adults

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Left sinistr/o = combining form Origin –Latin –sinister = left Superstition that left side is bad or evil

42. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Left Examples: –sinistr/ad = toward left –sinistr/al = pertaining to left –sinistr/o/man/ual = left-handed –sinistr/o/ped/al = left-footed –sinistr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to left –sinistr/o/cerebr/al = pertaining to left half of cerebrum

43. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Left oculus sinister (OS) = left eye auris sinister (AS) = left ear

44. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Right dextr/o = combining form for right Origin –Latin –dexter = right Superstition that right side is good

45. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Right Examples: –dextr/ad = toward right –dextr/al = pertaining to right –dextr/o/man/ual = right-handed –dextr/o/ped/al = right-footed –dextr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to right –dextr/o/gastr/ia = displacement of stomach to right

46. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Directional Term: Right oculus dexter (OD) = right eye auris dexter (AD) = right ear

47. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Feet pod/o and ped/i = combining forms Examples: –pod/iatric = pertaining to feet –pod/iatry = medical specialty concerned with feet –pod/iatrist = doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of feet –ped/i/algia and pod/algia = foot pain

48. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hands chir/o = combining form Origin –Greek –cheir = hand

49. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hands Examples: –chir/o/spasm = spasm of hand –chir/o/plasty = surgical repair of hand –chir/o/practors = specialists who use hands to manipulate body for therapy E.g., spinal manipulation

50. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pediatrics pedi/a = combining form for children Origin –Greek –pedias = child

51. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pediatrics Examples: –pedi/a/trician = physician specialist who treats children –pedi/a/trics = medical specialty for treatment of children

52. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gerontology ger/i = old age Examples: –ger/ont/o/logy = study of treatment of aging and elderly –ger/iatrics = medical specialty of treating diseases related to old age

53. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Psychiatry psych/iatry = study and treatment of mental illness psych/iatrist = medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders psych/iatric = pertaining to psychiatry