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Hymenomycetes: Gasteromycetes Mycology (Bio 594, Special Topics) M. Marshall, 2013 Shippensburg University (See last slide for additional credits)
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From Hibbett (2006). Mycologia 98: 917--925 Agaricomycotina
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Gasteromycetes Basidiospores mature inside basidiocarp Basidiospores not forcibly discharged (statismospores) Do not comprise a monophyletic (natural) group; these forms have evolved at least four different times Wide range of different types of basidiocarps, both epigeous and hypogeous
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Orders Lycoperdales – puffballs Tulostomatales – stalked puffballs Sclerodermatales – earth balls Phallales – stink horns Nidulariales – bird ’ s nest fungi
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Terminology Statismospores – Basidiospores that are formed symmetrically on sterigmata and are not forcibly discharged
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Gleba – Fertile portion, contains basidia and basidiospores – May contain capillitium (coarse, thick-walled hyphae) intersperced Image of Calvatia gigantea from Eugen Gramberg (1913) Pilze unserer HeimatEugen GrambergPilze unserer Heimat www.bioimages.org.uk/.../ 01-10-07/01J07K+3.jpg More Terminology
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Peridioles – Small structures containing basidiospores and basidia, may be actively ejected by rain splash, etc. Peridium – Outer covering of basidiocarp; may be multilayered Even more Terminology
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Order Lycoperdales Includes common puffballs and earthstars World-wide distribution Most species are saprotrophs, some are mycorrhizal
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Lycoperdales Morphology Basidiocarps often have sterile subgleba that gives them a stalked appearance Peridium consists of 2-4 layers – Endo-, meso- and exoperidium Immature gleba is white and uniform Mature gleba is dark and powdery – contains basidiospores and capillitium Basidiospores dark, globose, ornamented
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Puffball Morphology
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Common taxa Lycoperdon – Common puffballs, exoperidium often warty and wearing away to reveal smooth, papery endoperidium Geastrum – Earthstars – Exoperidium + mesoperidium are tough and split in stellate manner; endoperidium thin and papery
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G. Barron Miller and Miller 1988 Lycoperdon
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Geastrum (from C. Stiles)
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Order Tulastomatales Stalked puffballs; stalk is often below ground Basidiospores dark, globose, warted at maturity Saprotrophs Representatives: – Calostoma – glutinous stalk; temperate and tropical regions – Tulastoma – dry stalk; arid regions
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Tulastoma (from Miller and Miller, 1988) http://plantpath.osu.edu/faculty/ellett/cinnabarina.html Calostoma cinnabarina
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Order Sclerodermatales Earth balls and false earth stars One-layered peridium in most taxa; peridium wears away to expose gleba Immature gleba is dark Gleba organized into peridioles or locules Basidiospores reticulate to warted, thick-walled Ectomycorrhizal – Pinaceae and Fagaceae in Northern Hemisphere – Also with Myrtaceae in Southern Hemisphere
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Common Taxa Astraeus – False earth star; peridium two-layered and separates Pisolithus – Large, unattractive, club-shaped basidiocarps with persistent peridioles Scleroderma – Earth balls; look like tough, above-ground truffle due to thick peridium and irregular shape; basidia formed in locules
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Astraeus (from Miller and Miller, 1988) http://archivioforum.funghiitaliani.it/Files/Astraeus.jpg
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Pisolithus tinctorius (B. Callan) From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Pisolithus tinctorius (from B. Callan)
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http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Scleroderma_cepa.html Scleroderma cepa
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Scleroderma citrina (from G. Barron )
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Order Nidulariales Bird ’ s nest fungi and cannon ball fungus Basidiocarps oval, urn- or trumpet-shaped Formed in clusters on dead wood (saprotrophs) One- to three-layered peridium Basidia produced in persistent, thick-walled peridioles – Forcibly discharged in Sphaerobolus – Rain splashed in bird ’ s nest fungi
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Common taxa Cyathus – Urn-shaped, dark peridioles, funiculus Crucibulum – Cup-shaped, dull white peridioles, funiculus Nidula – Cup-shaped, pale brown peridioles, no funiculus Sphaerobolus – Cannon-ball fungus; one peridiole, forcibly discharged by evagination of endoperidium
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Rain-splash peridiole dispersal in Cyathus spp.
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Cyathus striatus
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Epiphragm Funicular cord Peridioles Crucibulum
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Photo by Guillermo Pimentel
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Sphaerobolus
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Sphaerobolus (MykoWeb)
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Order Phallales Stinkhorns Most species are saprotrophs Gleba dissolves into putrid mass (methylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide = stench!) that attracts insects that disperse spores Immature basidiocarps form egg-stage Gleba formed on receptacle Basidiocarps expand rapidly at maturity
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Mutinus
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Clathrus DictyophoraPhotos by Tom Volk
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Zhusun Mushroom/ Bamboo Fungus “ A special fungus found in bamboo groves. White in color and lamp shade-like in shape, the mushroom is both delicious and nutritious. ”
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http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/Images/PhallGramb373.jpg
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Gastroid and Secotioid Taxa Closely related to agarics and boletes Gastroid/secotioid taxa have evolved from ballistosporic forms: – Gastroid - Hypogeous basidiocarps – Secotioid - Epigeous basidiocarps, but pileus may fail to expand, gills may be deformed
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Examples Russula – Secotioid taxa: Elasmomyces, Macowanites – Gastroid taxa: Martellia, Gymnomyces Suillus – Gastroid taxon: Rhizopogon
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Rhizopogon (MykoWeb)
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Credits This presentation has been modified from one posted on the web by Dr. Lori Carris, Washigton State University Plant Pathology Dept. from her course: Plant Path 521, Mycology.
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