1. ANSC 301
Animal Health

2. Diseases Any deviation from the normal state of health.
Accurate disease diagnoses is an essential element in any health management program.

3. Health What is normal? 101.5 F Clear runny nose vs ???
Droopy appearance/ watery eyes
Off feed and/or water
Gait
Scours
Cough

4. Vaccines
Antigen- is any substance that, when introduced parenterally into animal tissue stimulates the production antibodies.
Antibody- is any substance that makes its appearance in the body fluids of an animal in response to a stimulus provided by the parenteral introduction of an antigen into the tissues, therefore the antibodies give the desired protection.

5. Types of Vaccines
Killed – not as effective yet given to pregnant females
Can be stored for a longer period of time
Modified Live – more effective yet should not be given to pregnant females
Cannot be stored as long

6. Most Common diseases vaccinated against in Texas in Cattle
Clostridial Diseases
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease)
Blackleg caused by Cl. Chauvoei
Enterotoxemias caused by Cl. Perfringens type C&D
Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Cl. Novi
Malignant edema caused by Cl. Septicum
Big head caused by Cl. Sordellii
Brucellosis
Vibrio
Leptospirosis
IBR-IPV
BVD
Parainfluenza 3
BRSV
Pneumonic Pateurellosi s
Haemophilosis
Anthrax

7. Tuberculosis A serious bacterial disease Affects respiratory system
Three main types:
Human, cattle, avian
Avian is restricted to birds
Bovine can affect many warm blooded vertebrates
Can be transmitted to hogs and dogs

8. Tuberculosis Symptoms Treatment Prevention Usually no signs of ailment
Test and slaughter reactors
Report to state veterinarian
Prevention
Periodic testing

9. Soremouth Contagious ecthyma
Signs – difficulty eating, spreading lesions to the does udder
Vaccination – use live virus by scarifying the skin and painting on the vaccine.

10. Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Sore Mouth)
Cause: infectious viral disease (affects animals and humans)
Symptoms: Pimples around the nose, mouth, eyes, anus, and hoofs. These turn to watery blisters then to sticky, encrusted scabs. The mouth and gums swell. Can cause death if the animal is unable to eat.

11. Soremouth

12. Sore Mouth cont…
Treatment: Isolate the goat and use an antibiotic spray or ointment. Vaccination is not recommended. Use a medication with Cephapirin Benzathine.

13. Pinkeye Infectious keratoconjunctivitis.
Occurs in warm and hot weather because it is spread be flies and close contact.
Highly contagious.
Prevention – good sanitation, and fly control.

14. Pinkeye Cause: spread by flies, dust and long grass
Symptoms: watery eye, red and cornea is cloudy, sensitive to light
Treatment: flush eyes with penicillin or Oxytetracycline for a few days and also isolate the animal from other animals. Broad spectrum antibiotics, sprays and powders. Remove from sunlight and cover with patch.

15. Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)
Symptoms
Water eyes
Swelling
Corneal opacity
ulceration
Transmission
Commonly associated with irritants (dust, stress, sunlight, grass, weeds, pollen, etc.)
Face flies

16. Pinkeye Treatment Prevention Oxytetracycline Patch over infected eye
Control of flies
Isolate infected animals
Select breeding animals with eyelid pigmentation

17. Pinkeye

18. Tetanus Symptoms Transmission Spasms Contractions of voluntary muscles
High mortality rate
Transmission
Through wounds
Especially deep puncture wounds
Treatment= antibiotics, tranquilizers, high doses of tetanus anitoxins
Prevention= avoid contamination of open wounds vaccinate in high risk areas

19. Tetanus cont. Anti-toxin vs toxoid Booster is a must
Clostridium perfringens type C & D, primarily type D.

20. Foot Rot
Necrotic Pododermatitis, Interdigital Necrobacillosis, fusobacterium necrophorum
Known to live in the soil for > 10 mos.
Causes lameness in cattle
Incubation is about 5 days
Foot tissue or skin has to be broken for introduction of bacteria
Stones, plant stubble, wire, nails, glass, etc. are all culprits of causing cuts or abrasions that lead to infection

21. Foot Rot
Cause: Flusiformis nodosus infection enters the hoof & causes inflammation of the sensitive laminae
Symptoms: mild to severe lameness, animals are reluctant to walk; associated with a foul smell
Treatment: Hoof paring in order to remove the underrun hoof. Apply antiseptics to remove any infection.

22. Foot Rot
5% CuSO4 or 5% formalin are used as walk-in foot baths at dairies
Also, antibiotics such as Naxcel, Nuflor, LA 200, Sulmet, tetracycline powders are used
If possible, clean and trim the foot of dead tissue and then apply an antiseptic

23. Pneumonia Cause: infection of the lung Respiratory Problem
Prevention – decrease stress by providing dry, well-ventilated housing with adequate space.
Symptoms – unthriftiness, runny nose, loss of appetite and high temp.

24. Pneumonia
Symptoms cont.: stops eating, hangs head, sounds congested, rapid or difficulty coughing and breathing
Treatment – Antibiotics and correction of predisposing factors with environmental conditions. Oxytetrocycline; if severe, may require veterinary-only drugs

25. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia
Cause – mycoplasma hyopneumonia bacteria
Infectious respiratory disease of swine
Prevalence – 80 – 90% of US swine herds
Transmission – animal to animal contact

26. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
Clinical signs
Sneezing
Dry cough
Listlessness
Poor growth performance
Economic Losses
Death loss
Reduced feed efficiency 10 – 30%
gain

27. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
Treatment – antibiotics – Lincomycin
Control – depopulation
Can live with it with good management, i.e. no stress, good nutrition

28. Atrophic Rhinitis Cause Transmission Bordetella bacteria
Pasturella bacteria
Transmission
Pig to pig contact

29. Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
Clinical signs
Affects nasal turbinate bone development
Early sign in baby pigs
Sneezing
Distortion of nose
Pneumonia
Black areas around eyes

30. Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
Control
Vaccination
Depopulation – only way to completely get rid of
antibiotics

31. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

32. What is in a name?
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome has been called by many names, but now is referred to as PRRS
Other names were/are:
Mystery Swine Disease (name first given to the disease)
Mystery Reproductive Syndrome
Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome (SIRS)
Blue Ear Disease
Lelystad Virus (virus that causes PRRS)
Advanced Swine Production

33. What is PRRS?
PRRS was discovered in 1987 in the United States and 1991 in the Netherlands, soon spreading throughout all of Canada and Europe.
There are so many different strains of PRRS that preventative vaccines are not 100% effective.
PRRS is a virus that causes reproductive failure in breeding stock and respiratory tract failure in young pigs.
PRRS costs the United States swine industry approximately $600 million yearly.
Advanced Swine Production

34. Researchers at the University of Minnesota hypothesized that:
Origination
Researchers at the University of Minnesota hypothesized that:
“A mutant of a closely related arterivirus of mice (lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus) infected wild boars in central Europe These wild boars functioned as intermediate hosts and spread the virus to North Carolina in imported, infected European wild boars in 1912; the virus then evolved independently on the two continents in the prevalent wild hog populations for approximately years until independently entering the domestic pig population.”
- Peter G.W. Plagemann
Advanced Swine Production

35. Symptoms/Problems in Pigs
PRRS is more severe in nursery pigs than in finishing pigs.
Severe pneumonia with coughing & labored breathing
Increased pre-weaning sickness & death
Pigs with PRRS will take longer to finish
High fever
Depression (shows in finishing pigs)
Advanced Swine Production

36. Transmission of PRRS Introduction of infected hogs into the herd
Mucus / Nose to Nose
Urine
Feces
Semen (both artificial insemination and natural)
Air (possible but not as likely)
Blood
Advanced Swine Production

37. A common misconception about PRRS is that if the hog acquires the virus and lives, it will then be immune for the rest of its life. This is not true, not only can the hog acquire the disease again, but could also recover and live out its days as carrier (showing no signs).
Advanced Swine Production

38. Prevention
PRRS vaccine (not 100% effective & consideration needs to be taken due to the fact it is a modified live virus)
Clean farrowing houses
Disinfection & drying of pens
Better management practices
Quarantine incoming hogs for 60 days
Realize facility’s limitations and do not overcrowd
Prevent infected stock from entering herd
Do “homework” on potential purchases, investigate the herd, herdsman and general management practices before committing to buy.
Advanced Swine Production

39. What is Circovirus? There are actually two types of Circovirus:
Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 1 – PCV-1
Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 2 – PCV-2

40. PCV-1
PCV-1 & PCV-2 were found as far back as 1969, but was not isolated and studied until 1974.
PCV-1 has not been found to cause any disease in swine and research has not established any clinical significance to PCV-1.

41. PCV-2
In 1995 researchers noticed that when PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome) was diagnosed, by association they proposed the idea that PCV-2 sometimes caused PMWS.

42. PCV-2
In 1999, after many studies, research confirmed that PCV-2 causes PMWS.
It also causes PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex) and PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome).
Note: studies have shown that PCV-2 generally must be combined with extenuating circumstances to turn into Circovirus.
If most herds were tested, PCV-1 & PCV-2 would show up in the blood, but rarely shows clinical signs or manifests into other syndromes.

43. If pigs are infected with PCV-2 symptoms generally appear from 5 -18 weeks of age.

44. Symptoms of PCV-2 Poor growth Swollen lymph nodes Diarrhea
Stomach ulcers
Fever
Jaundice
Difficulty breathing
Weight loss
Skin rashes

45. Transmission of PCV-2
Much like any other disease PCV & PCV-2 are passed through:
Blood
Urine
Feces
Mucous

46. Reasons for Manifestation of PCV-2
Not completely known, but researchers think it is a combination of the following:
Presence of PCV-2 in herd
Environmental conditions (weather, cleanliness of barns, etc.)
Stress

47. Every-day Prevention Quarantine new hogs
Foot dip for humans entering farrowing houses
Maintain proper ventilation
Stay up to date with vaccinations for other diseases
Promptly treat ill pigs
Control rodent, insect and bird population near the hog pens and barns

48. Henry Gauvreau, Porcine Swine Update, 2001
“Current studies suggest that when the immune system becomes activated fighting off a disease challenge and the pig also is infected with PCV-2, the circovirus infection may become overwhelming and result in PMWS.”
Henry Gauvreau, Porcine Swine Update, 2001

49. Bloat
Cause: gorging on anything unsuitable (example: wet grass pastures or raiding food bin)
Symptoms: Tightly inflated flanks, collapse, and misery
Treatment: Drench goat with vegetable or other oil (6-8 oz for adults & 2+ oz for kids), walk goat around, massage flanks. Contact veterinarian if this does not help.

50. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
Cause: Bacteria enters the goat through breaks in skin or mucus membranes and localizes in lymph node.
Symptoms: Abscesses of the lymph glands.
Treatment: Have a Vet test to see if the abscess is CL. Isolate the goat, lance the abscess and remove discharge, then treat with iodine several times. Destroy all discharge.

51. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)

52. Urinary Calculi
Cause: A hard mass of mineral salts in the urinary tract caused by a dietary mineral imbalance. Urinary calculi is usually seen in bucks.
Symptoms: straining to urinate, restlessness, vocal signs of pain, pawing at the ground, and looking at its abdomen
Treatment: Consult your veterinarian.
Stone (suture 1 inch in length)

53. Scours More common in young kids.
Caused by coccidia, E. coli, worms, salmonella, and viruses.
Signs – anorexia (won’t eat), high temp, weakness, and watery or pasty feces.
Prevention – good sanitation.
Treatment – antibiotics, intestinal astringents (bolus or fluid to decrease contractions), and fluid and electrolyte therapy.

54. Parasites
Internal- present inside the animal, but their eggs are microscopic in size. The economic loss is great, but a slow continuous process
External- live off of the flesh and/or blood of the cattle. They can mechanically transmit the organisms that cause pinkeye, mastitis, and other infectious diseases to cattle.

55. Internal Parasites Stomach Worms Cooperids Hookworms Tapeworms
Intestinal Threadworm
Common Liver Fluke
Giant Liver Fluke
Lancet Fluke
Stomach Flukes
Coccidiosis
Much more ………….

56. Stomach Worms Large Stomach Worm Medium Stomach Worm
Small Stomach Worm

57. Nematode Life Cycle

59. Products Used to Treat Internal Parasites:
*Ivomec Sheep Drench (Ivermectin)
*Tramisol or Levasole (Levamisole)
*Bovatec (Lasalocid Sodium)
*Rumensin (Monensin
*Corid (Amprolium)
*Dectomax (Doramectin)
*Valbazen (Albendazole)
*Panacur (Fenbendazole)
* Many of these products are not labeled for use in goats. Their use in these cases is considered "extra-label."

68. Parasites of Growing Pigs
Ascaris suum, large roundworm
Oesophagostomum spp., nodular worm
Trichuris suis, whipworm
Metastrongylus, lungworm

69. External Parasites
Flies
Lice
Ticks
Grubs/Heelfly

70. Fly Infestation
Horn Flies

71. Lice Most abundant during winter and spring.
Only treat in in the late fall and early winter
Treat with pour-ons, injections as well as backrubbers or periodic spraying of insecticides
Be sure to watch withdrawal periods on all products used to control parasites.

72. Lice

73. Lice - Damalinia

74. Flies Face fly and Horn fly Suck blood and irritate cattle
In some areas flies have developed resistance to certain products.
Producers should alternate between:
Sprays, dust bags, backrubbers, pour-ons and feed additives, as well as ear tags or tape.

75. Flies - Lucilia, Calliphora, Chrysomya

76. Grubs/Heelfly Reduce milk production Reduce weight gain
And diminish hide value
A big loss is due to carcass trim andf lower meat quality
They are the larval stage of the heel fly

77. Grub Prevetion is best when the life cycle of the grub worm is learned
Effective treatments are:
Co-Ral, Ivomec, Spotton, Tiguron
Warbex, Dectomax

78. Grub Infestation

79. Coccidiosis Common in young kids.
Flourish in pens with manure buildup.
Cause: Coccidia parasites
Eradication is difficult once the facilities are infected.
Signs – diarrhea, loss of condition, general unthriftiness, poor growth, dehydration, blood in diarrhea, off feed, rapid weight loss, and fever

80. Coccidiosis
Treatment – coccidiostats added to water and feed and strict sanitation.
Treatment: Treat with Biosol, give orally once a day for 5-7 days. Can also treat with half Corid or Sulmet Also, can put Decox in the mineral

81. Ringworm- fungus

82. THE END