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Family Quarrels Dissension in the Colonies 1763–1770
Chapter 7 Family Quarrels Dissension in the Colonies 1763–1770
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Imperial Problems Some British wanted to return Canada to France
Wanted West Indian sugar islands in exchange Thought Canadian land useless Feared residents might be disloyal Thought colonists might come to dislike British rule if French threat gone Britain gained Canada British war weary and fear not getting Canada will lead to more war Sugar lobbyists fear glutting market Canadian residents Roman Catholic Used to military rule Accepted British rule fairly easily
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Solving the French and Indian problem
Ohio River Valley Indians now under British rule Pontiac Indians in control of Valley and culture intact Had not been defeated in the war British General Amherst refuses to give Indians manufactured goods Indians rebel in 1763 led by Pontiac of Ottawa Tribe Attack Detroit and Fort Pitt British put down rebellion at Bushy Run
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The Proclamation of 1763 British close land west of Appalachian divide to settlement Reaction to Pontiac’s conspiracy Temporary measure due to Indian unrest Colonists greatly resent being denied land Lined moved gradually westward
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Money, Money, Money British send 10,000 troops to America
Intended for defense Reaction to Pontiac’s Conspiracy Did not want war veterans at home Quartering Act: Americans must provide food and shelter Perceived as oppressive standing army Had financed war by borrowing Left with large national debt Costs of governing empire was up
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Parliament and King Parliament moves to cut costs
Patronage and corruption part of politics A few families dominated politics No real political parties King George III King no longer rule by proclamation without parliamentary approval George had “common touch” Good person, husband and father But not very bright
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George Grenville First Lord of Treasury in 1763
Salutary neglect created chaotic colonial policy King and Parliament want coherent policy Salutary neglect becomes history British national finances Cost of colonial government soaring Heavy taxes on British at home Huge debt due to Seven Year War British cut some costs; need new revenue sources Knew Americans pay few taxes Knew Americans gained most from war Decides to tax colonies as part of reforming colonial policy
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The Sugar Act of 1764 Overhaul of Molasses Act of 1733
Reduced cost of duties on molasses and other goods Enforced by vice-admiralty courts with no juries Colonials protest of Sugar Act Cities like Boston and New York boycott British goods Partly colonists do not want to pay taxes See tax as violation of their rights as British subjects
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Rights of British Subjects
British subjects consent to taxes they pay Colonists do not elect members of Parliament Sugar Act primarily to raise revenue, not regulate trade Colonists believe Sugar Act “taxation without representation” Trial by jury Right to be tried before jury of peers Sugar Act violates this right Protest “noisy” but not violent
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The Stamp Act Crisis or 1765 British citizens pay stamp tax
Stamp Act taxes documents, etc. in colonies Enforced by vice-admiralty courts Money used to defend colonies Grenville stamp collector positions to prominent colonists Colonials objected to Stamp Act See tax as internal tax Say only colonial assemblies can pass internal taxes Taxation without representation Stupid Act Heaviest on people able to raise a fuss: editors, lawyers, tavern keepers Heaviest on people concentrated in cities Arouses the lower classes to violence
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The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.’d)
Sons of Liberty Boycotted English goods Turned to violence Stamp Act rioters popular Stamp Act Congress Protested of wealthier colonists Criticized Stamp Act, Sugar Act Acknowledged loyalty to King
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What is Representation? The Colonial Case
Colonists do not elect members to Parliament Colonists argue Parliament does not represent them Colonists say only their assemblies can tax them British perspective Believe in virtual representation Colonists actually practiced in many colonies All members of Parliament represent all British subjects Parliament therefore represents Americans
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Act Two Some British support from colonists Lord Chatham
Parliament torn into self-seeking factions Edmund Burke, John Wilkes, Charles Fox opposed Stamp Act Lord Chatham Led to repeal of Stamp Act Parliament passes Declaratory Act Parliament retains right to govern colonies Most colonists paid no attention Chatham becomes ill and retires
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“Champagne Charley” and the Townshend Duties
Charles Townshend Chancellor of the Exchequer Wants to cut taxes at home; raise them in colonies Passes Townshend Acts (duties on various goods) Believes acts will be accepted as an external tax Colonists’ response to Townshend Acts Americans boycott British goods Little violence English merchants demand repeal Townshend Acts repealed except for small tea tax
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©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Map 7.1 – The Colonies 1763–1776
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Discussion Questions What impact did the Proclamation of 1763 have on the colonies? How did it change the relationship of Britain and the colonies? Why was it imposed? Discuss the programs put forth by Grenville in 1764–1765. Why did these acts politically galvanize the colonists? Explain which, how, and why the policies of Townshend created problems in the colonies? How did the American colonies go from loyal supporters of the Crown to the verge of revolution in just a few years? Compare the views on taxation and representation in England and the colonies.
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