1. The Cold War
Topic B
Learning Guide 5

2. Q1. By the end of WWII which counties were considered the Big Three?
Truman – USA
Stalin - USSR
Clement – Britain

3. COLD WAR ERA
1950’s – “age of the Bomb shelter” (Eisenhower Era)
1960’s – Kissinger gave us détente

4. 1970’s—”Doomsday clock” moves closer to 12 midnight.
2002
7 MINUTES TO MIDNIGHT
7 MINUTES TO MIDNIGHT
1947
A symbol of nuclear danger created by the bulletin of Atomic Scientists

5. Doomsday Clock Graph

6. 1980’s an initial “freeze” because of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

7. 1985 Since Gorbachev has come to power there has been a “thaw” and a new era of détente.

8. THE COLD WAR
“COLD WAR” – tense mood in international relations following the close of WWII
USA vs. USSR –”Super Powers”
Capitalist vs. Communism
Each side attacked the other, using propaganda, military alliances, politics and economics as their weapons

9. HOW THE COLD WAR DEVELOPED
The two superpowers, USA & USSR are suspicious and afraid of each other mainly because of political, economical, and social differences
Ideological struggle
Western Bloc vs. Eastern Bloc
Russian Revolution in American opposition
When Germany was defeated in USA & USSR of each others aims.
1944 – 1947 Soviet Union gained and kept control of several countries in Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Romania
East Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia

10. 4. Soviet Fear of the “atomic bomb” used by the Americans in 1945 on Nagasaki & Hiroshima

11. W E
Berlin
Eastern Bloc
Western Bloc
Iron Curtain

12. Murmansk
Norway
Sweden
Stockholm
Estonia
Bornholm
Latvia
Lithuania
Frankfurt
Vienna
Trieste

13. THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
FLOW CHART: FILL IN

14. METHODS OF COLD WAR (How the Cold War was Fought)
POSSIBLE RESULT
ALLIANCES
Divides the world into two armed camps
Increases the likelihood of total war
NATO – WARSAW PACT
ARMS RACE
Increases the likelihood of armed confrontation
Increase in arms spending occurs
Money which could be used for economic development or social programs would be spent on arm developments. (nuclear)
SPACE RACE/ DEFENCE SYSTEMS
Arms race may move into space
Tensions could increase as technology expands
PROPAGANDA
Human Rights vs. Corrupt Government
(USSR) (USA)
INFORMATION WAR
Spies, microphones, films

15. Q2. Describe the percentage agreement
Q2. Describe the percentage agreement. Which European nations were affected by these agreements?
Percentage agreement – the division of the Balkans and Europe by the allies and Stalin
USSR to control
50% of Yugoslavia & Hungary (soviet satellite)
90% of Romania (soviet satellite)
75% of Bulgaria (soviet satellite)
Britain + USA to control
90% of Greece
50% of Yugoslavia & Hungary

16. Q3. Majority control came to mean Total control
USSR--- liberated one Eastern European country after another.
“Sphere of Influence: --- who had control over an area
The liberation of countries went against the American Policy of “self-determination”

17. Q4. Name the three issues that defied resolutions at Potsdam in 1945
Q4. Name the three issues that defied resolutions at Potsdam in Compare the positions of the USA and the former USSR on these issues.
Peace treaties, boundaries
Who would control Poland & its boundaries
USA want London Poles re-instated
Stalin wants the Lubtin Poles (pro-soviet) to stay in power
Types of governments in eastern Europe
Couldn’t agree on control of Germany and Poland
3. Final conditions of German disarmament & control over industries
Division of Germany/Berlin remained the same as in Yalta (4 zones France, USA, Britain, USSR)
Beginning of a bi-polar system

18. Q9. The Balance of Power Types: Simple -----balance between equals
Triple Alliance vs. the Triple Entente
2. Bipolar between the Super powers
USA v.s the USSR ---- Cold War(opposing opinion)
3. Regional NATO / WARSAW Pact
Western Bloc vs. the Eastern Bloc

19. Motivation: Q9 SECURITY STABILITY SURVIAL
NORAD: continental Defense system (Canada & the USA
Yalta conference 1945
NAZI-SOVIET PACT 1939

20. TECHNIQUES Q9 Containment--------Vietnam Alliances Appeasement
Brinkmanship Cuban Missile Crises
Isolationism
Spheres of influence

21. Q5. What was the Polish question?
West unwilling to confront Stalin
Who would govern Poland?
Where would Poland’s boundaries be?
Leaders Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
Western Border Oder-Neisse Line – forced the relocation of 6-9 mil. Germans from German occupied regions i.e. East Prussia

22. Q6.What does the phrase Iron Curtain refer to and how did Churchill portray the former Soviet Union in his Iron Curtain speech?
The division between East and West Europe
Encroaching
Speech was in response to the refusal of the Soviets to remove occupation forces from Europe

23. Q7. Retrieval Chart Truman Doctrine.
H.O.
Help Greece against the communist (money & arms)
Helped the democratic government of Greece
A means of protecting spheres of influence
Created a conflict between achieving containment and respecting national sovereignty

24. Marshal Plan Map

25. Q8. Retrieval Chart: The Marshal Plan and the Soviet Response to the Marshall Plan.
American foreign policy had to address two issues at the end of WWII: how to contain the spread of communism and how to restore those countries destroyed by war.
The philosophy of “containment” was defined in an influential article written by George F. Kennan for the journal Foreign Affairs. He argued that communism must not be allowed to expand into other territories.
The marshal plan, first describe by General George Marshall in a Harvard commencement speech, called for the USA to make available the foods and the technology necessary to restore war ravaged economies.
The plan only supported efficient industries and was designed to create independence between nations
Its goal was the creation of a unified Europe. It was thought that political union somewhat like the Untied States might follow economic integration.

26. The Marshal Plan Also know as the European Recovery Program
A concern over the economic collapse of Europe (Great Britain & France) which would leave the USA to hold Western Europe single-handed against the USSR.
1948 to mid. 1952
$13 billion distributed in the for of direct aid, loan guarantees, grants & necessities from medicine to mules. of dollars for economic recovery ---- in return these countries would buy American goods (Tied Aid)

27. Soviet Reaction to Marshall Plan
Creation of its own economic program for eastern bloc countries
Cominform (Communist Information Bureau)
or Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
Stalin established Communist governments in Eastern Europe ---- wants tighter control
Created in response to the divergences among the eastern European governments on whether to attend the Paris conference on Marshal Aid in July 1947
Distribution of propaganda to demonstrate the unity and encourage international communist solidarity of its members

28. Cont. Soviet Reaction to Marshall Plan
Intended purpose to coordinate actions between Communist Parties under USSR direction
In 1948 the Cominform expelled the Yugoslav Communist party because of the defiance by Marshal Tito of Soviet supremacy.
A means of protecting spheres of influence
Dissolved 1956

29. Q10. Movements of independence within the Communist Block Questions 1-4 LG pg 23,24,25

30. Q11. Retrieval Chart: The Berlin Blockade June 1948 – May 1949
Both want to demonstrate their super powers)
Causes
Truman Document
Conflict of interest on what was to happen to Germany.
Soviets did not was a separate West German Government.
Events
USA Congress vote in favor of Marshal Aid
USSR view this as an attempt at undermining Soviet influence in Eastern Europe
Steps were made to unit the three western zones into a separate West German Federal Republic (part of the Plan for the economic recovery of non-communist Western Europe.
USSR view it as an attempt at creating a new stronger Germany

31. Cont. Q11. Retrieval Chart: The Berlin Blockade
June Implementation of a new currency (the Deutschmark) in West Germany to replace the old Reichsmar
USSR see it as an attempt to destroy East German Economy
USSR introduce their own currency or the eastern bloc
1948 Soviets staged a blockade of West Berlin by cutting off all railway and road access to the 3 Western sectors of Berlin.
The Soviets hoped to secure economic control of all Berlin and Force the Western powers to drop the creation of a separate West German state

32. Cont. Q11. Retrieval Chart: The Berlin Blockade
The west did not use military force in breaking the blockade as to do so may provoke WWIII.
Instead the West banked on the Berlin Air Lift as a solution to deliver thousands of tons of supplies which were flown daily to Berlin
The USA was not going to be intimidated Brinkmanship
As the blockade continued into 1949, the governments of the USA & Western Europe formed NATO Collective Security

33. Cont. Q11.
The soviets were anxious to avoid war and finally lifted the blockade in May 1949 detente
September 1949: West German Federal Republic

34. Q12. NATO Warsaw Pact Compare the origins, memberships and goals of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Map these alliances
NATO 1949
Evolved as a result of the Berlin Blockade (demonstrated USSR was a direct threat to Western Europe)
Designed to provide security & counter any potential act of aggression in particular USSR aggression
Stop Soviet expansion with collective resistance (collective defense) Stipulated an attack on one was and attack against all

35. Q12. NATO Goal was to present a psychological barrier
Secure a military balance with the USSR in Europe
Strengthen USA position in Europe
USA --- rearm Europe
--- assume the leadership role
Never before had the American joined an alliance in peacetime
UN did not give guarantees of peace
Belgium, Luxemburg, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Canada, USA, Greece, Spain, Turkey

36. Q12. con.t.
Warsaw Pact 1955
Evolved as a result of NATO
Come to the aid of other members if attacked by western countries
East Germany, Romania, Albania, Poland, Hungary, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria

37. Q13. Other Military Alliances
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
Established to achieve “peace and justice, security, consolidate representative democracy promote American Solidarity.”
American dominated designed to resist communism

38. Cont. Q13. Other Military Alliances
SOUTH EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION (SEATO)
1954
Pact---USA, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, Britain, & France
Defense
Provide for mutual action in the event of an attack or internal subversion
Oppose further communist gains in South East Asia. A key in the American policy of containment
dissolved 1977

39. Dulles secretary of State / Eisenhower
Dulles role was to stop what he believed was a Communist plot to take over the world
Helped in the formation of (SEATO)
Wanted to “liberate” people from Communist regimes
Dulles began a policy of “brinkmanship” – ready to go to war at anytime with the USSR
One of the pioneers of MAD (mutually assured destruction)
Threatened a “massive retaliation” using H-bombs to contain Soviet aggression
Dulles's were mostly overstated---exposed when USSR crushed the Hungarian uprising

40. Cont. Q13. Other Military Alliances
NORTH AMERICAN AIR DEFENCE COMMAND
Canada & USA
Established nuclear tracking, warning and control stations across the Northern Arctic.
Surface – to – air missiles with nuclear warheads introduce
1981 NORAD changes its name to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NAADC)

41. REASONS FOR BEING IN NATO & NORAD
Positive
We are able to sit with the worlds powers, thus increasing Canadian influence in World affairs and with trading partners
We are often consulted on European affairs.
We are often seen as a middle power that can help to diffuse some volatile situations.
We are under he protective umbrella of the worlds super power.

42. NEGATIVE
Our military contributions are limited and becoming less with the closing of Canadian NATO bases in Germany and the recent announcement of continued downsizing of the Canadian armed forces.
These organizations are a restriction on our sovereignty especially by the USA.
With the highest per capita debt in the world our money could be better spent paying off the debt or diverting military funds to disadvantaged Canadian.

43. Q14. Define the following:
Denazification:
Removal of sympathizers of the Nazi party from power
Détente:
relations of international tensions in an attempt by nations to work together to achieve a peaceful coexistence
McCarthyism:
implied that communism must be stopped
Suggestions that USA gov. officials were communists

44. Q15. Key concepts exercises Questions a-j LG pg 26&27
The western and eastern nations form into a defensive alliances of NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively.
Balance of power / expansionism
The Americans propose a plan of economic aid, called the Marshall Plan to war-torn European nations.
Containment
The nations of Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Albania, and Czechoslovakia come under the political control of the Soviet Union.
Sphere of influences

45. Q15. Cont.
d. The western Allies conduct a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin to counter the Soviet blockade of land routes.
Containment
e. Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia refuses to allow Soviet political and economic control
Sovereignty
f. A civil war is Greece threatens the existence of the nation’s democratic government.
g. The Soviets successfully detonate an atomic bomb in 1949.
Balance of power

46. Q15. Cont.
h. In October, 156, the Communist party is briefly toppled from power by pro-reform revolutionaries in Hungary.
Sovereignty
i. The western allies establish an independent government in West Germany and make plans to rearm Germany
Balance of power, containment, sphere of influence
j. President Truman states that the policy of the United States is to “support free peoples” who are resisting communist takeover.
containment

47. Q16. Containment of Soviet Expansion in Europe
O.H