1. Revision essentials 12th June Plan your Revision timetable
Revision environment
20 minute chunks
Vary the practice

2. Revision strategies Read your notes Notes on your Notes Chunk cards
Keywords
Question Practice
Top up Reading
Writing practice

3. Historical Study Setting the Scene Sport reflects the Society in which it is played

4. Sports are as old as time !
“SPORT” is young
PE is a modern phenomenon
1939 syllabus
“sport = high organisation and
highly sophisticated

5. Sports development Sports are developmental They come from :
CONQUEST e.g. Colonialisation OR
SOCIAL HIERARCHY e.g.gentry

6. Get your dates right C17th C18th C19th C20th C21st Pre – Indus
Pre –into industrial
Indus
Post indus
1600’s
1700’s
1800’s
1900’s
2000’s

7. The Historical Development of Sport
Ancient Origins
1) POPULAR RECREATION C th
PUBLIC SCHOOL C18-19th
3) RATIONALISATION
& INDUSTRIALISATION C19th
4) 20th CENTURY
DEVELOPMENTS (PE) C20th

8. Athleticism Rational Recreation Development of P.E. Revision Chunks
Popular Recreation
Athleticism
Rational Recreation
Development of P.E.

9. Overview of sport before 1800’s
Festival games and the role of the church, court and peasant
- Popular recreations 2-3 examples
- characteristics of games (x8)
- characteristics of society (x8)
- difference between gentry and
peasant sport
(Real tennis v mob football)
- Patronage of church/local gentry

10. Popular Recreations Ashbourne Game Haxey Hood Game
Stamford Bull Running
Robert Dover’s Games
Hallaton Bottle Game
The Derby Game
Alnwick Game
Lutterworth Mob Hockey
St Columb hurling

11. Pre 1800- characteristics re ocalised ncoded ruel ndustrial
ourtly/Popular
ural
ccasional
ager P L U C I R O W

12. Athleticism Check List Sport as a means of social control
within the C19th Public schools
- Public school games 2-3 examples
- characteristics of games (x8)
- characteristics of school society (x8)
- Muscular Christianity and the Rec Ethic
- Tom Brown’s School days

13. Public School Case studies
Eton Wall Game
Rugby Football
Harrow Football
Winchester Football
Cricket
Fives (Rugby/Eton/Winchester)
Hare & Hounds

14. Public School- characteristicsM
ll Round - Body & Mind
emperament
ealth
ohesion/competition
nstrument of Education
portsmanship
uscular Christianity
eadership
ndeavour
eamwork
ntegrity

15. Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools
Phase 1 - The Barabarians Turn of C19th
Boys as undisciplined - animals
Mob Games
Field Sports
Folk Games
Cricket - acceptable team game
Improvised Country Pursuits
Boys in control

16. Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools
Phase 2 - Arnoldian
Reforms of Dr Arnold
Games as a medium of social control
Technical development
Regular Inter House competitions
Link - Christian Gentlemen & Manliness
Tom Brown’s School Days

17. Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools
Phase 3 - The Cult & Philistine Copies
Athleticism - the “Cult”
Regular Inter - school fixtures
“Oxbridge” as the melting pot
Spread of Middle Class Schools
Excellent facilities
Values of Athleticism
Impact on Society

18. Rational Sport Check List - characteristics of Rational society (x8)
Impact of changes in society; industrial, transport and urban
- characteristics of Rational games (x8)
- characteristics of Rational society (x8)
- case studies (football/tennis/athletics)
- spectatorism
= professionals
=commercialism
Check List

19. This confusion led to the most important meeting in footballs development held at the Free Masons Tavern in London.
Actually took 6 meetings to eventually agree on a common set of rules
This was not an easy process and their was much debate and votes which at on meting led to a splinter group led bay the Black heath Club leaving to form the Rugby Football Union

20. A National set of Rules Quickly spread across the country
Facilitated by an advanced industrial society
Also began to exported around the British Empire and via trade links

21. Rationalisation of Sport
Codification and administration of sport
Codification = The creation and maintenance of rules
After the Industrial Revolution most people lived and worked in urban areas and the influence of the rural elements from the popular recreation era steadily declined. Modern Sport is also urban sport

22. Societal change that led to RATIONAL RECREATION
Societal determinants
Urbanisation large population requiring recreative space & entertainment
Industrialisation factory system and machine time
Work Conditions gradual increase in free time, Saturday 1/2 day, 10 hour Act, Early Closing Movement.
Economics capitalism and patronage, works teams - professional clubs

23. The move towards Rational Recreation Societal Change
PRE INDUSTRIAL
Feudal
(gentlemen-peasant)
feudalism
rural
cottage industry
free time
church constraints
horse drawn
word of mouth
POST INDUSTRIAL
Gentlemen - middle class - workers
capitalism
urban
manufacturing coal/iron
machine time
church support
railways
popular press

24. The move towards Rational Recreation Sports Change
POP SPORT
localised
rural
cruel/violent
courtly-popular
ritual
occasional
limited coding
wagering
RATIONAL SPORT
local-regional-national
rural - urban
channeled aggression
gentry-middle-working
moral
regular
formal codification
gambling curtailed

25. The spread of the Games Ethic
Check List
- Oxbridge melting pot
- Cambridge Football Rules
- Role of the ‘Blues’ and Varsity matches
- Spread of the ‘Games ethic’
- Sport followed the flag
- De Coubertin and international sport

26. Oxbridge Melting Pots
The Universities of Cambridge and Oxford played an important role in the development of sport
They were the first place where compromise rules were developed.
They also developed regular fixtures - Varsity matches
Blues became important role models & teachers

27. Diffusion of Sport through the Empire
olonial
rmy
eachers
atrons
niversity
ndustry
hurch
lubs
dministration C A T P U I C A

28. The need for more regular fixtures led to the formation of the Football League in 1888
The first twelve clubs were Accrington Stanley, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke City, West Bromwich Albion, Wolverhampton Wanderers.
These were all from the Midlands and North West, all professional and all dominated by working class players

29. Major Games and the Working Classes “Games return to the people”
1) Why were elementary children given drill instead of games?
2) Why did factory owners promote football & cricket for their workers?
3) Why is league football played on a Saturday afternoon?
4) Why has professional Sunday cricket only recently become legalised
5) Why didn’t working class girls play football?
6) What has “Broken Time” got to do with rugby and the lower classes?
7) What effect did the growth of the railways have on the spread of major games?
8) What was the Church’s attitude to sport?
9) Why are English batsmen still encouraged to “walk” if they think they’re out?

30. 20th Century developments
Spectatorism
Professionalism
commercialisation
Influence of the media

31. Cheap rail excursions meant that the seaside and the countryside came within reach of many ordinary
working people for the fist time.

32. The development of PE Development of PE in state schools
(Elementary) during C20th
European influences
(Swedish/German/De Coubertin)
- Forster Education Act
- Adoption of German Gymnastics/McClaren
- Increasing influence of Ling/Osterberg
- Boer War – Model Course Military PT
- ‘Tug of War’- Military/Education/Medical
last syllabus/WW II influence

33. Development of PE in Elementary Schools
Key developments
C19th - European Roots Ling and Guth Muths
Forster Education Act
Made education compulsory for all children
Model Course
Compulsory military training in schools required to lay the foundations of military spirit in the nation.

34. Development of PE in Elementary Schools
Key developments
Education Board Syllabus
An attempt to reduce the military influence
Syllabus of Physical Training
Written by Medical Board - emphasis on therapeutic gymnastics
Syllabus
Reflecting horrors of Great War - introduced recreational & morale boosting activities

35. Development of PE in Elementary Schools
Key developments
Syllabus of Physical Training
Last Board of education syllabus split into 2 sections years and years
Education Act
Made secondary education was available to all children - rebuild of schools after “ Blitz”
Moving & Growing
Ministry of Education advisory PE publication
followed by PLANNING THE PROGRAME (1954)

36. History - Example
During the 19th Century Oxford and Cambridge Universities acted as “melting pots” in terms of the historical development of sport.
Using examples, explain the role these universities played in the development of sport
(6 marks)
June 2000

37. History - Answer Students had come from different schools
Had interest/enthusiasm for sport but difficult to play each other
Need for compromise rules
Different school members write up /rationalisation/codification of rules
Example - Cambridge rules of football
Graduates took games into society - football/rugby/ athletics Varsity games led to increase in interest/standards
example - Boat race/rugby/ athletic meets/cricket