1. THE UNITED STATES
&
WORLD WAR ONE

2. Standard
Students analyze the political, economic and social ramifications of World War I on the home front.

3. WORLD WAR I BEGAN 1914 JUNE 28 ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED
JULY 28 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA
AUGUST 1 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA
AUGUST 3 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE
AUGUST 4 GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM WHICH PROMPTED BRITAIN TO DECLARE WAR THE SAME DAY
AUGUST 4 PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARED POLICY OF NEUTRALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES
AUGUST 6 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA
AUGUST 23 JAPAN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY
OCTOBER 29 OTTOMAN EMPIRE JOINED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS

4. ALLIES
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)
ITALY RUSSIA
JAPAN ROMANIA
SERBIA GREECE
PORTUGAL
THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS
NEUTRAL NATIONS
SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
BULGARIA
TURKEY

5. THE U.S. TRIED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL
DEBATE OVER JOINING THE WAR
REASONS FOR JOINING THE WAR
LUSITANIA
ZIMMERMAN NOTE
DECLARATION OF WAR
Slide 3

6. WHAT GROUPS WANTED THE U. S
WHAT GROUPS WANTED THE U.S. TO JOIN THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS AND WHY?
VERY LARGE POPULATION OF GERMAN-AMERICANS LIVING IN THE U.S. DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST GERMANY
IRISH-AMERICANS DID NOT WANT TO HELP THE BRITISH BECAUSE OF THEIR HISTORICAL OPPRESSION OF THE IRISH AND BRITISH SUPPRESSION OF THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN IRELAND IN 1916

7. U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282
TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266
U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282
POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP IN MILLIONS

8. WHAT EXPLAINS THE ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT IN THE U. S
WHAT EXPLAINS THE ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT IN THE U.S. GIVEN THAT GERMANS COMPRISED THE SINGLE LARGEST FOREIGN-BORN GROUP?
CLASHING WITH THE GERMANS IN SAMOA AND AT MANILA BAY OVER EXPANSION OF U.S. TERRITORIES IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
COMPETITION OVER TRADING IN CHINA, EAST INDIES, THE PACIFIC, AND AFRICA
GERMAN DOMINANCE OF NAVAL AND ARMY POWER OVER THE U.S.
GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM
BRITISH PROPAGANDA DEMONIZING THE GERMANS

9. I. Most people wanted to remain neutral because:
A. they felt that it was not our fight
B. Europe was too far away
C. war was expensive
D. divided loyalties since US traded with both Germany and Great Britain and did not want to sever ties with either side by fighting against them

10. AD PLACED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES BY THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, 1915
NOTICE! Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

11. LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915
BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING 128 AMERICANS.

12. ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U. S
ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE WAR FOR 2 MORE YEARS

13. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE
AFTER THE GERMANS SANK THE UNARMED FRENCH SUSSEX IN MARCH 1916 (THE AMERICANS ON BOARD WERE INJURED BUT NONE WERE KILLED), PRESIDENT WILSON DEMANDED THAT THE GERMANS STOP SINKING MERCHANT SHIPS WITHOUT WARNING OR THE U.S. WOULD SEVER DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY.
GERMANY AGREED AND THAT LASTED UNTIL JANUARY OF 1917 WHEN THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, DUE TO CIVILIAN STARVATION FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND HOPING FOR A QUICK END TO THE WAR, ANNOUNCED UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.

14. FEBRUARY 1, 1917
GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL (INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A FEW MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR.
WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS, HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36 LIVES LOST.

15. Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916
ZIMMERMANN NOTE (1917)
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916

16. POLITICAL CARTOON ON THE ZIMMERMAN NOTE

17. WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR APRIL 2, 1917
“THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. ITS PEACE MUST BE PLANTED UPON THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL LIBERTY. WE HAVE NO SELFISH ENDS TO SERVE. WE DESIRE NO CONQUEST, NO DOMINION. WE SEEK NO INDEMNITIES FOR OURSELVES, NO MATERIAL COMPENSATION FOR THE SACRIFICES WE SHALL FREELY MAKE.”

18. CONGRESS DECLARED WAR APRIL 6, 1917 EXCERPT FROM THE WAR DECLARATION
“Whereas the Imperial German Government has committed repeated acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America; Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, that the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Government which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States.”
EXCERPT FROM THE WAR DECLARATION

19. II. The US joins the war on the side of the Allies
A. the US had more money invested in England than in Germany
B. France was a friend since the US war for independence
C. Wilson’s moral diplomacy policy
D. British propaganda
E. German unrestricted submarine warfare results in sinking of Lusitania
F. Zimmerman note

20. THE UNITED STATES ENTERED THE WAR
MOBILIZATION
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE
Slide 3

21. CAMP KEARNEY FREMONT, CA
MAY 1, ARMY EXPANSION ACT
FROM 200,000 TO 4,791,172 IN ARMED FORCES
32 NEW CANTONMENTS AND CAMPS BUILT FOR 40,000 SOLDIERS EACH AT A COST OF $262M. (PANAMA CANAL COST $375M.)
2,800,000 DRAFTED - SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 19
42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE - 2,084,000 MEN
CAMP KEARNEY FREMONT, CA

22. III. THE U.S. PREPARED FOR WAR - 1916
A. increase in the number of army and national guardsmen and build up of the navy
B. Council of National Defense created to coordinate industry and defense
C. $50 million allocated to update merchant marine fleet

23. SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917
REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF (LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE DRAFT
ABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL POPULATION
ABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES, CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS

24. SECRETARY OF WAR BAKER PULLED DRAFT NUMBERS IN THE LOTTERY

25. DRAFTED MEN REPORTED FOR SERVICE IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

26. "ALL A SOLDIER NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT AND SALUTE."
GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WWI
"ALL A SOLDIER NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT AND SALUTE."

27. SOLDIERS LEFT FOR FRANCE

29. IV. Effects of the war on the home front
A. Committee for Public Information – US gov’t “sells” the war
propaganda posters & war bonds
B. climate of suspicion
1. Espionage Act made it illegal give aid to the enemy
2. Sedition Act made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war
3. anti-German sentiment
Slide 3

30. LED BY JOURNALIST GEORGE CREEL
COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION: CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA
LED BY JOURNALIST GEORGE CREEL

31. WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS
It encouraged businesses to spy on their employees, parents to spy on their children, and neighbors to spy on neighbors, and to report "disloyal," pro-German sentiments. In the most ridiculous moments of the campaign, Americans banned the teaching of German in schools, tore German folksongs like "Oh Tannenbaum" from children's songbooks, changed German street names, and renamed saurkraut "victory cabbage." On the more serious side, those regarded as pro-German were hounded from their jobs, pressured to change their German names, and in a few cases beaten or lynched.

34. TOTAL WAR

36. EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI
MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 
CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY, BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”.
SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE"
SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE BAR
ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC
MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

37. V. Civil liberties restricted during the war
A. Civil liberties are fundamental individual rights that are protected in the Bill of Rights (freedom of speech & religion)
B. in times of crisis they have been restricted by the gov’t in order to achieve larger goals
C. WWI – laws passed severely restricting people’s rights who spoke out against the war effort
LED TO 6,000 ARRESTS AND OVER 1,900 PROSECUTIONS UNDER THE LAWS

38. THE ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917, LATER AMENDED AND CALLED THE SEDITION ACT OF 1918
SECTION 3. Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service or of the United States, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.
RANDOLPH: FOUNDED A MAGAZINE CALLED THE MESSENGER THAT CAMPAIGNED FOR BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS, DURING WAR ARRESTED FOR TREASON BECAUSE OPPOSED BLACK ENLISTMENT IN THE ARMY; DEBS: SOCIALIST WHO RAN FOR PRES MORE THAN ONCE, ARRESTED FOR MAKING A SPEECH OPPOSING THE ESPIONAGE ACT, WHILE IN PRISON RECEIVED ALMOST 1 MILLION VOTES FOR PRESIDENT; EASTMAN: JOURNALIST WHOSE PUBLICATION THE MASSES FELT THE WAR WAS BASED ON CAPITALIST GREED AND WANTED TO STAY NEUTRAL, PUBLISHED ARTICLES AGAINST ENTERING THE WAR, 2 JURIES DID NOT CONVICT; REED: JOURNALIST WHO WENT TO RUSSIA TO COVER REVOLUTION, BECAME SYMPATHETIC, GOVERNMENT SHUT DOWN THE PUBLICATION, HE WAS CONVICTED AND MANAGED TO ESCAPE WITH A FAKE PASSPORT; BERGER: AGAINST THE WAR, FOUND GUILTY SENTENCED TO 20 YEARS, WHILE FREE ON APPEAL ELECTED TO CONGRESS; HAYWOOD: ARRESTED FOR OPPOSING THE WAR WITH HIS UNION IWW, SENTENCED TO 20 YEARS AND 30,000 WHILE FREE ON BAIL FLED TO RUSSIA. CHARLES SCHENCK: member of the Socialist Party, sentenced to 15 years for publishing pamphlets urging citizens to refuse to participate in the draft. He called the draft slavery, among other things. SUPREME COURT RULED AGAINST SCHENCK’S PROTEST THAT LAWS TOOK AWAY HIS FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS “CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER” TEST.
SEDITION ACT: The law made it a crime to criticize by speech or writing the government or Constitution.
ESPIONAGE ACT: Additional penalties were included for the refusal to perform military duty. Over the next few months around 900 went to prison under the Espionage Act.
SOME OF THE PEOPLE ARRESTED UNDER THESE LAWS. PLEASE SEE THE SPEAKER NOTES FOR DETAILS.
RANDOLPH
DEBS
EASTMAN
REED
BERGER
HAYWOOD

39. Papers are from an American citizen married to a German.
The Presidential Proclamation of April 19, 1918 defined persons as "alien enemies" men and women (whether naturalized citizens or not) born in Germany, Austria or the Turkish Empire; and women (regardless of birthplace) married to alien enemies.
Papers are from an American citizen married to a German.
County of Residence: Miami
City of Residence: Paola
Gender: Female
Country of Origin: United States
City of Origin: Kansas
Maiden Name: Windler Date of Birth: 03/23/1873

40. ROSE PASTOR STOKES
SHE SENT A LETTER TO THE KANSAS CITY STAR THAT CLAIMED “NO GOVERNMENT WHICH IS FOR THE PROFITEERS CAN ALSO BE FOR THE PEOPLE, AND I AM FOR THE PEOPLE, WHILE THE GOVERNMENT IS FOR THE PROFITEERS.”
SHE WAS ARRESTED AND SENTENCED TO TEN YEARS IN JAIL UNDER THESE LAWS.
A HIGHER COURT LATER OVERTURNED THE CONVICTION.

41. VI. How did the US government pay for the war?
A. Income tax created in 1913
Amendment XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
B Bonds: The gov’t borrowed money from the public
C. War savings stamps: cost between 25¢ and $5, when people filled a booklet they could be turned in for bonds

42. THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF MONEY FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE Y.M.C.A. ALSO HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS.
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA

44. THE LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES USUALLY INVOLVED A LARGE PARADE THAT WOULD INCLUDE SOLDIERS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS

45. CELEBRITIES MOTIVATED PEOPLE TO GET INVOLVED IN THE LOAN DRIVES
THE HUMAN SQUIRREL
FATTIE ARBUCKLE

48. KIDS WERE ENCOURAGED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE LOAN DRIVES AS WELL

50. VII. War Industries Board
Gov’t took over all factories and ran them like one big factory
The board instructed factories on what and how much to produce and the cost of the items
WOMEN'S BLOUSE FACTORIES MADE SIGNAL FLAGS
RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS MADE GUNS
AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES MADE AIRPLANE ENGINES
PIANO COMPANIES MADE AIRPLANE WINGS

51. MANUFACTURING HELMETS AND HATS FOR SOLDIERS

52. WOOL SOCKS FOR SOLDIERS

53. POSTERS DESIGNED TO CONVINCE WORKERS IT WAS THEIR DUTY TO PRODUCE (AND THEREFORE NOT STRIKE)

54. VIII. National war labor board
A. formed to unify labor and settle labor disputes
B. hoped to prevent strikes that would stop production of war goods
C. also worked to improve working conditions
1. 8 hour work day standards for employing women and children

55. Food Administration
Didn’t start rationing, relied upon voluntary participation
Slogan: “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT”
The US had to provide food for its own citizens a well as the allied countries

59. FUEL ADMINISTRATION
HEADED BY HARRY A. GARFIELD, SON OF THE MURDERED PRESIDENT
DESIGNED TO CONTROL AMERICA’S USE OF FUEL SINCE IT WAS NEEDED OVERSEAS
AS WITH THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION, AMERICANS WERE ASKED TO VOLUNTARILY CONSERVE THEIR USE OF FUEL 
LIGHTLESS NIGHTS AND GASLESS DAYS WERE OBSERVED 
DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WAS OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY IN ORDER TO CUT BACK ON THE USE OF FUEL AND ELECTRICITY.

60. IX. Americans in the War
A. African Americans served in segregated units
B. Influenza outbreak, 1918
1. killed more Americans than died in the war
C. Prohibition, Amendment 18
1. illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcohol in the US
2. enforced by the Volstead Act

61. WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MEN

62. NURSES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR EFFORT

63. AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS
HENRY JOHNSON, LEFT, AND NEADHAM ROBERTS, RIGHT RECEIVED THE FRENCH CROIX DE GUERRE, AN AWARD CREATED TO RECOGNIZE BRAVERY IN THE FACE OF AN ENEMY

64. BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE
ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920s.
CUTTING DOWN TREES
BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE

65. EACH STAR REPRESENTED A SON FIGHTING IN THE WAR
Ike Sims holds a sign with 11 stars, representing his 11 sons in service. During World War I, an indiscriminate amount of underprivileged citizens were called upon to serve their country in war. Many were African American and many families had multiple draftees.

66. PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE
INFLUENZA, 1918
SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON SUDDENLY STARTED DYING
THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER SEEN
AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES
IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER 600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.
PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE

67. THE RED CROSS DELIVERED FOOD TO FLU VICTIMS IN CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA. THE MOTHER HAD JUST DIED FROM THE DISEASE.

68. PROHIBITION Amendment XVIII
DECEMBER 18, 1917 PASSED BY CONGRESS, RATIFIED BY THE STATES IN 1919, TOOK EFFECT IN 1920
Amendment XVIII
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.

69. BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION 1917
CZAR NICHOLAS II FORCED ABOUT 11 MILLION PEASANTS TO FIGHT EVEN THOUGH THEY SUFFERED HIGH INJURY AND DEATH RATES
GROWING DISCONTENT WITH THE WAR, FOOD SHORTAGES, AND MASS DEMONSTRATIONS STARTED THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
CZAR NICHOLAS ABDICATED THE THRONE
LENIN HEADED THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY AND INTENDED TO TURN THE COUNTRY SOCIALIST
ONCE IN POWER, LENIN REMOVED THE RUSSIANS FROM THE WAR MARCH 1918

70. THE FINAL MONTHS OF WWI: COORDINATED ALLIED ATTACKS

71. AMERICANS ENTERED THE FIGHTING JUST IN TIME TO STOP A MASSIVE GERMAN OFFENSIVE IN 1918
BATTLE FOR ARGONNE

72. “AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”
ARMISTICE SIGNED:
“AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”
NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

73. THE UNITED STATES CELEBRATED

74. Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized
Austria-Hungary 1,200, ,620, ,200, ,020, ,800,000
Belgium , , , , ,000
British Empire , ,090, , ,190, ,904,467
Bulgaria , , , , ,200,000
France ,357, ,266, , ,160, ,410,000
Germany ,773, ,216, ,152, ,142, ,000,000
Greece , , , , ,000
Italy , , , ,197, ,615,000
Japan , ,000
Montenegro , , , , ,000
Portugal , , , , ,000
Romania , , , , ,000
Russia ,700, ,950, ,500, ,150, ,000,000
Serbia , , , , ,343
Turkey , , , , ,850,000
US , , , ,734,991
TOTALS ,528, ,189, ,746, ,464, ,418,801

76. THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR
Allied Powers
Cost in Dollars in
United States
22,625,253,000
Great Britain
35,334,012,000
France
24,265,583,000
Russia
22,293,950,000
Italy
12,413,998,000
Belgium
1,154,468,000
Romania
1,600,000,000
Japan
40,000,000
Serbia
399,400,000
Greece
270,000,000
Canada
1,665,576,000
Australia
1,423,208,000
New Zealand
378,750,000
India
601,279,000
South Africa
300,000,000
British Colonies
125,000,000
Others
500,000,000
Total of all Costs
125,690,477,000
Central Powers
Cost in Dollars in
Germany
37,775,000,000
Austria-Hungary
20,622,960,000
Turkey
1,430,000,000
Bulgaria
815,200,000
Total of all Costs
60,643,160,000

77. X. Paris Peace Conference
A. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. idealistic effort to solve problems that had caused the war
2. League of Nations – international organization to prevent war
B. Treaty of Versailles
1. revenge on Germany for starting the war
a. reparations
b. lost land
c. armaments restricted
d. forced to admit war guilt

78. PRESIDENT WILSON’S 14 POINTS
AN END TO ALL SECRET DIPLOMACY
FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IN PEACE AND WAR
REMOVAL OF TRADE BARRIERS AMONG NATIONS
GENERAL REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS
THE ADJUSTMENT OF COLONIAL CLAIMS IN THE INTEREST OF THE INHABITANTS AS WELL AS OF THE COLONIAL POWER
THE EVACUATION OF RUSSIAN TERRITORY AND THE INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION BY RUSSIA OF ITS OWN NATIONAL POLICIES
THE RESTORATION OF BELGIUM
THE EVACUATION OF ALL FRENCH TERRITORY AND RETURN OF ALSACE-LORRAINE
THE READJUSTMENT OF ITALIAN BOUNDARIES AMONG CLEARLY RECOGNIZABLE LINES OF NATIONALITY
INDEPENDENCE FOR VARIOUS NATIONAL GROUPS IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
THE RESTORATION OF THE BALKAN NATIONS AND FREE ACCESS TO THE SEA FOR SERBIA
PROTECTION FOR MINORITIES IN TURKEY AND THE FREE PASSAGE OF ALL SHIPS THROUGH THE DARDANELLES
INDEPENDENCE FOR POLAND, INCLUDING ACCESS TO THE SEA
A GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONS TO PROTECT “MUTUAL GUARANTEES OF POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY TO GREAT AND SMALL NATIONS ALIKE”

79. SOME BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WAS NECESSARY

80. OTHERS BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WOULD NOT WORK

81. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR”
BRITISH, ITALIAN, FRENCH AND AMERICAN
GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON
WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BUT WANTED COLONIES
WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY AND PREVENT FUTURE INVASION
WANTED LAND PROMISED DURING WWI
WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE FOR ALL

82. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, EUROPE
TREATY OF VERSAILLES: THE PEACE TREATY ENDING WW I CAUSED MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVED AND LAID THE BASIS FOR WW II. NEW COUNTRIES CREATED FROM TREATY: POLAND, LITHUANIA, LATVIA, ESTONIA AND FINLAND WERE FORMED FROM LAND LOST BY RUSSIA. CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND HUNGARY WERE FORMED OUT OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE.

83. GERMAN ARMAMENT LIMITATIONS
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMAN ARMAMENT LIMITATIONS
TYPE
AMOUNT ALLOWED
PLANES
WARSHIPS 6
SOLDIERS
100,000
CONSCRIPTION
BANNED
PRIOR TO WWI GERMANY HAD THE LARGEST LAND ARMY IN WESTERN EUROPE WITH OVER A MILLION SOLDIERS.

84. GERMAN WAR GUILT CLAUSE
The Allied and Associated Governments confirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their national have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.

85. THE BLACK AREAS WERE CONTROLLED BY GERMANY PRIOR TO WWI, THE TREATY MADE THEM MANDATES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
ONLY FOUR COUNTRIES WERE INDEPENDENT: ETHIOPIA, LIBERIA, EGYPT, AND MOROCCO.
ALL OTHER TERRITORY WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN BRITAIN, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL, BELGIUM, AND ITALY

86. SYRIA, JORDAN, SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS BROKEN APART AND SEVERAL NEW INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES EMERGED:
SYRIA, JORDAN, SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ

87. TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED JUNE 28, 1919

88. THE SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
WILSON NEGOTIATED THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES WITHOUT ANY INPUT FROM THE SENATE WHICH LED TO BITTERNESS. CABOT AND OTHERS ARGUED AGAINST JOINING AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION THAT MIGHT HAVE VETO POWER OVER U.S. ACTIONS.
SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE LED THE FIGHT AGAINST THE TREATY
CARTOON SHOWS WILSON TRYING TO PROTECT THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FROM THE SENATE.
Cabot speech against joining League

89. LEAGUE OF NATIONS
SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN, THE LEAGUE BECAME INEFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING FUTURE WARS

90. XI. Effects of WWI in America
A. US became a world superpower
B. US refuses to join League of Nations
C. US economy grew during the war
D. US culture beginning to spread abroad
E. birth of black empowerment movement
F. women worked outside the home in huge numbers
G. Russian Revolution sparks fears of communism at home

91. Other titles available in the United States history series:
Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. Review
Slavery
Causes of the Civil War
Civil War
Reconstruction
Westward Movement
Immigration and Urbanization
America becomes a world power: Imperialism
The Progressive Era
The U.S. and World War One
1920’s
Great Depression and New Deal: 1930’s
Causes of World War Two
World War Two
1950’s
Civil Rights Movement
Cold War: Truman to Kennedy
Cold War: Johnson to the fall of the Berlin Wall
Vietnam
Late History Overview: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s
World History titles:
The Conquest of Mexico
New Titles for Fall 2005:
Colonial Era
Revolutionary Era
HMS Historical Media, a division of Multimedia Learning, LLC, has 26 classroom ready historical simulation games available on various topics. Please visit our website for more details:
Please visit our website as we continually publish new titles: