1. Infection Control

2. Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease

3. Pathogens Any disease causing microorganisms Non-pathogens Normal body flora Beneficial: maintaining body processes food production  Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread Types of Microorganisms

4. Saprophytes Live on dead matter or tissues

5. Types of Pathogens Fungi: Molds and yeasts Skin infections: Athlete’s foot Ringworm Thrush

6. Types of Pathogens Protozoa: Only group of microbes classified as animals Types of Protozoa: Trichomonas vaginalis Malaria African sleeping sickness

7. Types of Pathogens Viruses: Obligate intracellular parasite Cannot reproduce unless inside host cell Receives nutrients from host cell Not susceptible to antibiotics Causes: Varicella (chickenpox) Common cold Herpes

8. Bacteria Simple one celled plants that multiply rapidly Bacilli Rod-shaped Have ability to form spores-a protective hard “shell” around a daughter cell Cause: Tuberculosis Whooping cough Hemorrhagic fever

9. Shapes of Bacteria Cocci Round shaped Diplococci-occur in pairs Cause: Gonorrhoea Streptococci-occur in chains Cause: Strep throat Staphylococci-occur in clusters most common bacterial infection in humans Cause of nosocomial infections Wound infections Toxic shock syndrome

10. Spirals Spirilla Spiral or corkscrew shaped Causes: Syphilis Cholera

11. Factors Required for Microbial Growth

12. Factors required for microbial growth Warm environment Body temperature Darkness Many killed by sunlight Source of food Moisture and….

13. Factors required for microbial growth Varying oxygen needs Aerobic bacteria Live and reproduce in presence of oxygen Anaerobic bacteria Live and reproduce without oxygen

14. How Microorganisms Cause Disease

15. How microbes cause disease Toxins poisons Allergic reaction Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing Cell invasion Invades living cells and destroy them

16. How Microorganisms Are Spread

17. How Microorganisms are spread Direct contact Directly from one person to another Sex, kissing, touching Indirect contact From inanimate object to person Airborne Droplets from sneezing and coughing Droplets of blood and body fluids Insects and pests

18. The Chain of Infection

20. 1st Link- The Infectious Agent Any pathogen

21. 2nd Link- The Reservoir Organism or environment where infectious agent resides People Equipment Water/Food Carrier Host Shows no outward signs/symptoms of disease, but capable of transmitting disease

22. 3rd Link- Portal of Exit Route of escape of pathogen from reservoir Examples: respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract genitourinary tract breaks in skin

23. 4th Link- Route of Transmission Method by which pathogen gets from reservoir to new host Direct contact: Sexual contact Contact blood/body fluids Indirect contact: Objects to person Airborne Insects and pests

24. 5th Link- Portal of Entry Route which pathogen enters new host Examples: Respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Mucous membranes Breaks in skin

25. 6th Link- Susceptible Host Organism that is at risk for infection i.e. a weakened immune system Examples: AIDS pts Pts on chemotherapy Transplant pts Elderly and very young Burn pts

26. Breaking the Chain of Infection

27. The Infectious Agent Pathogen ID Pathogen ID Prompt treatment Immunization

28. Reservoir Host Wash hands Clean uniform Clean equipment Clean environment

29. Portals of Exit Wash hands Wear PPE Control body secretions Proper disposal of contaminated objects

30. Route of Transmission Route of Transmission Wash hands Wear PPE Proper food handling Isolation precautions

31. Portals of Entry Wash hands Wear PPE Proper disposal of needles or sharps Skin integrity Intact skin #1 defense against pathogens

32. Susceptible Host Treatment of disease Immunization Intact immune system

33. OSHA standards Regarding Blood-borne Pathogens

34. Standard Precautions Developed by the CDC Applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis and infection status Use when performing procedures requiring contact with: blood body fluids mucous membranes contaminated items.

35. Aseptic Techniques Medical asepsis or clean techniques designed to prevent spread of disease Terms to know: Clean: no pathogens Contaminated: unclean; contains pathogens Sterile: free from all pathogens including spores, virus

36. Aseptic Techniques Antiseptic Bacteriostatic substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria Can be used on the skin Alcohol and iodine Disinfectant Bactericidal substances that kill bacteria and most viruses Cannot be used on the skin 10% bleach, chemicals, boiling

37. Aseptic Techniques Sterilization Process destroys all microbes including spores This includes steam or gas under pressure using an autoclave, radiation and chemicals

38. Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis The use of ALL levels of aseptic techniques to prevent introduction of harmful microorganisms into the patient

39. Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis Be aware of the sterile field Draped in blue Never reach across Never turn back on

40. Isolation Used when patient infected with a communicable disease Protects: HCP, other patients, visitors, community Use PPE

41. Types of Isolation Airborne Infections spread through air by small droplets containing pathogens Ex: Tuberculosis, Varicella (chickenpox) PPE: surgical masks &/or HEPA-filter masks Negative pressure room

42. Types of Isolation Droplet Infections spread through air by large droplets Ex: Pertussis, Influenza PPE: surgical masks w/in 3 ft of patient Glove for environmental contact

43. Types of Isolation Contact For patients who are infected or colonized by a pathogen that spreads by direct contact Ex: antibiotic resistant bacteria, RSV, Hepatitis A PPE: gloves, gown when entering; remove before leaving

44. Types of Isolation Reverse Protects patients from pathogens healthcare provider or visitors may have Used when patient immune system is suppressed AIDS pts Chemotherapy pts Burn pts Transplant pts