1. MNA Mosby’s Long Term Care Assistant Chapter 15 Preventing Infection

2. Microbes Microorganisms Pathogen – harmful microorganisms
Small living plant or animal that can only be seen with a microscope.
Pathogen – harmful microorganisms

3. Types of Microbes
5 Types:
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae
Viruses

4. Types of Microbes Bacteria Examples: E-coli. Pneumonia, TB, cholera
multiply rapidly
Germs
One celled
Cause infection in any body system

5. Types of Microbes Fungi Plants that live on other plants or animals
Mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Infect the mouth, vagina, skin, feet other body areas
Examples: Athlete’s foot, ringworm

6. Types of Microbes Protozoa
Microscopic
One celled
Infect the blood, brain, intestines and other body areas
Examples:dysentery, malaria, and African sleeping sickness.

7. Types of Microbes Rickettsiae
Microscopic forms of life found in fleas, ticks, lice
Transmitted to humans by insect bite
Examples: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

8. Types of Microbes Viruses
Very small microscopic organisms that grow in living cells
Examples: common cold, herpes, flu, AIDS, hepatitis

9. Requirements for Microbes
Require a Reservoir
The reservoir is the environment where the microbe grows
Most like
Warm
Dark
Moist
Humans, plants, animals, water, soil, food.

10. Normal Flora Example: E-coli
Microbes that live and grow in a certain area.
Intestines, respiratory tract, skin.
Non-pathogen when in or on a natural reservoir.

11. Infection Disease state resulting from invasion of microbes
Local – in a general area
Systemic – throughout the body

12. Chain of Infection Source Reservoir Portal of Exit Portal of Entry
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Portal of entry
Portal of exit

13. Chain of Infection
Source - pathogen
Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus

14. Chain of Infection
Reservoir –
human and animals

15. Chain of Infection Portal of Exit – Respiratory tract Intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Breaks in the skin
Blood

16. Chain of Infection Mode of Transmission – Coughing Sneezing Air Food
Water
Eating and drinking utensils
Personal care items
Direct contact
Dressings
Insects
animals

17. Chain of Infection Portal of Entry – Respiratory tract
Intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Breaks in the skin
Blood

18. Chain of Infection
Susceptible Host -
A person at risk for infection

19. Signs & Symptoms of Infection
Fever
↑ Pulse and respiratory rate
Pain or tenderness
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
N/V
Diarrhea
Rash
Sores on mucous membranes
Redness of swelling
Discharge or drainage

20. Nosocomial Infection or HAI
An infection acquired after admission to a health care facility
Also called a HAI
Healthcare-Associated Infection

21. Nosocomial Infection or HAI
Common sites are:
Urinary system
Respiratory system
Wounds
Bloodstream
Prevented by:
Universal precautions
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Isolation Precautions
Blood Borne Pathogen Standards

22. Medical Asepsis Asepsis – being free of pathogens
Medical asepsis – practices used to
remove or destroy pathogens
prevent the spread of pathogens

23. Common Aseptic Practices
HAND WASHING!!!
Individual personal care items
Cover your nose or mouth when coughing or sneezing
Bath, brush teeth regularly
Wash fruits and raw vegetables
Wash cooking and eating utensils with soap and hot water

24. MOST IMPORTANT Aseptic Practice?
HAND WASHING!
When washing your hands, your hands and forearms are kept lower than your elbows
Hands are washed for at least 15 seconds
When drying your hands, start at the
fingertips and work up to your forearms

25. Other aseptic terms
Sterilization - absence of ALL microorganisms. (autoclave)

26. Other aseptic terms Disinfection - destroying pathogens
Clean - absences of pathogens
Contamination –
pathogens present
Germicides are disinfectants

27. Standard Precautions Reduce the risk of spreading pathogens
Used in the care of all residents

28. Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Gown, gloves, masks, goggles

29. Standard Precautions PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Use any time there is a possibility of coming in contact with:
Blood
Body fluids
Non-intact skin
Mucous membranes

30. Standard Precautions Sharps Never recap needles
Use bio-hazardous containers when indicated

31. Standard Precautions
Donning and removing Gloves

32. Standard Precautions
Donning and removing gloves, gown, mask

33. Standard Precautions Double bagging Leak proof plastic bags
Bio-hazardous symbol
Specimens

34. Isolation Types of isolation: Airborne – small droplets
Strict – airborne and contact
Droplet – larger droplets
Contact – direct or indirect

35. Isolation
Types of isolation are based on how the disease/infectious organism is spread from person to person. Read the isolation signs on the outside of the patient’s door or above the head of the patient’s bed. The signs will tell you what personal protective equipment to put on before entering the room or before initiating any patient care task.

36. Isolation Meeting the resident’s basic needs while in isolation
Smile !
Treat resident with respect
Provide reading, entertainment material
Organize your work so you can stay and visit a little
Say hello from the doorway often

37. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
OSHA Regulation
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HBV - Hepatitis B Virus

38. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure Control Plan
Training provided
Free Immunization for HBV
PPE provided

39. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure Control Plan
Engineering and Work Practice Controls
Bio-hazardous containers provided
Do not store food or drink where blood or body fluids are stored
Clean Spills with 1:10 solution of Clorox and water

40. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Caused by a virus
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Blood or blood products, sexual contact, peri-natal
Prevention vaccine injections
Given before or after exposure

41. Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Caused by a virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
AIDS
Blood or blood products, sexual contact, peri-natal
NO Prevention vaccine

42. Review
All microbes are pathogens.
True False

43. Review
A pathogen causes infection.
True False

44. Review
An item is sterile if non-pathogens are present.
True False

45. Review
Pathogens prefer an environment that is warm and dry
True False

46. Review
Kissing is an example of mode of transmission in the chain of infection.
True False

47. Review
Bacteria is an example of portal of entry in the chain of infection
True False

48. Review
Blood is an example of a reservoir in the chain of infection
True False

49. Review
Boiling water is sterilization.
True False

50. Review
A no-socomial infection or a healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is transmitted within a HCF.
True False

51. Review
Standard precautions includes wearing PPE as needed.
True False

52. Review
HBV is caused by a bacteria.
True False

53. Review
HIV effects the liver.
True False

54. Review
Sharps are recapped to prevent danger to others.
True False

55. Review
A HCF must provide all employees with free HVB vaccinations .
True False

56. Review
Hand washing is the most effective aseptic technique.
True False

57. Review
Hands do not need to be washed if gloves are worn.
True False

58. Review
What is PPE?.
Personal Protective Equipment

59. Review 1 part Clorox to 10 parts water
How are contaminated spills cleaned?
1 part Clorox to 10 parts water