1. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch (J&K)

2. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Definition: a group of words that contains a subject and a verb There are two types of Clauses : A. Independent Clause (IC) and B.Dependent (Subordinate) (DC)

3. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Independent Clauses A main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself Examples: I hate Mondays. Fish are smelly. Stop! He memorized a poem last night Mary will read her poem Many people enjoy poetry

4. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K More on independent clauses. An independent clause can always be punctuated as a free standing sentence. All sentences must contain at least one independent clause. An independent clause consists of the basic sentence (subject-verb-complement) and any modifiers.

5. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Coordinating Conjunctions  Two independent clauses may be joined:  With a comma plus a coordinating conjunction MEMORIZE  And  But  For  Or  Nor  So  Yet

6. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Comma plus Conjunction Two independent clauses may be joined  With a comma plus a coordinating conjunction Examples:  I was hungry, so I ate some pizza.  I was hungry, and I ate some pizza.  I was not hungry, yet I ate some pizza.  The conjunction follows the comma. You may NOT use a comma alone when joining two independent clauses.

7. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Subordinate or Dependent Clauses A subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. Examples: Before the party is over When he called If I were you because he memorized a poem when Mary reads her poem at school since many people enjoy poetry

8. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K More on subordinate clauses A subordinate clause must always be attached to an independent clause in order to make a complete sentence; it can never stand alone as a complete sentence. If a S.O. clause is punctuated with a period or semicolon it is considered to be a fragment.

9. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Subordinating Conjunctions After Because Where If That Than Unlike the adjective clause the word that introduces the clause (the subordinating conjunction) plays no role inside the subordinate clause.

10. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Examples We are glad that you won I ate a whole pizza because I was hungry. Give me a call if I can help you. He is a good student because he works hard.

11. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Use of Dependent Clause Subordinate clauses can be used in one of three ways: Nouns Adverb Adjective

12. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K The Noun Clause DEFINITION: A noun clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause that is used as a NOUN.

13. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K More on Noun Clause A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses are not modifiers whereas adjective and adverb clauses modify words in other clauses. Noun clauses play the role of nouns. Look for that, if, whether or not Noun clauses are always singular even if when the nouns within the clause are plural...

14. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K That they usually win all their games pleases the audience. Noun clauses can readily be identified by the it test. What we know about art is a mystery. They know who we are. I will sell them for whatever I can get for them.

15. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Adverb Clause An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb All adverb clauses are made up of two components 1. A subordinating conjunction. 2. An underlying sentence

16. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Adjective clause An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun Examples : Jacob who is very handsome is in love with me. Estella married a man whom she hated. The radio, which I had left on, woke me up.

17. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Adjective clause begin with a relative pronoun: Who, whom, whose, which, and that They are called relative pronouns because they relate to the noun that the adjective clause modifies. Example : They welcomed the visitors (they had long anticipated the visitor’s arrival) They welcomed the visitors whose arrival they had long anticipated.

18. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K Use of Punctuation : When the dependent clause (DC) comes first, it is usually followed by a comma. Ex. When the rain stops, the game will begin. Because he memorized a poem, Mike will receive extra credit. When the dependent clause (DC) comes last, there is generally no comma. Ex.The game will begin when the rain stops. Mike will receive extra credit because he memorized a poem.

19. Presentation by : Kamal Kumar, PGT English, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Surankote Poonch J&K