1. Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry

2. Bellwork If there are only two types of compounds…what do you think they are?

3. 9.1 Carbon Compounds Compounds are divided into 2 groups: – Those that chemists make – Those that organisms make Called organic compounds

4. *This chapter discusses those made by organisms, and those created by scientists to mimic or combine properties of those found in nature.

5. Organic Compounds All OC’s contain carbon and hydrogen and usually a few other elements Millions of different oc’s 90% of all known compounds are oc’s

6. Forms of Carbon The element carbon exists in several different forms All have different properties and the carbon atoms have different bonds – Diamond – Graphite – Fullerenes

7. Diamond Made of covalent bonds called a network solid Network makes a strong, compact, 3 dimensional shape

8. Graphite Soft and slippery Atoms are widely spaced Bonds are weak between layers Used as machinery lubricant and pencil lead

9. Fullerenes Created when some carbon compounds burn Looks like a cage or soccer ball Graphite Computers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mcg9_M L2mXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mcg9_M L2mXY

10. Saturated Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: organic compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen Saturated hydrocarbon/alkane: all bonds are single bonds and contain the max amount of hydrogen for each carbon. – Most end in ane. Methane, propane

11. Factors that Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon Factors that Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon: – # of carbon atoms – how they are arranged Methane has one carbon atom, while asphalt has 30

12. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon that has one or more double or triple bonds 3 types: – Alkenes – Alkynes – Aromatic Hydrocarbons

13. Alkenes Names of alkenes end in -ene Many fruit plants produce ethene, controls the rate at which fruit ripens Some plastics are produced by reactions involving ethene

14. Review 1. What are the two types of compounds? Those that chemists make Those that organisms make Called organic compounds 2. All OC’S contain _________ and _______ Hydrogen and carbon

15. Review 3. What are some of the different types of carbon? Diamonds, graphite, fullerenes 4. How are they different? Their bonds and their properties are different 5. What Factors Determine Properties of a Hydrocarbon? # of carbon atoms how they are arranged

16. Review 6. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons? Saturated only have full, single bonds Unsaturated have one or more double or triple bonds

17. Bellwork How might ethylene/ethene gas be useful to produce distributers? Don’t remember? Look back at your notes

18. How do we use this

19. Alkynes End in –yne Most reactive hydrocarbon compounds Used to weld Increased temperature of flame will melt most metals Up to 6332 degrees Fahrenheit!

20. Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels: mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from remains of plants and animals Type of fuel: Depends on the material and conditions which it decayed 3 types: – Coal – Natural Gas – Petroleum

21. Coal Form from plants in ancient swamps Compounds have a high ratio of carbon to hydrogen – Therefore they produce more soot than other fuels

23. Natural Gas Formed from the remains of marine organisms Contains methane and other alkanes Found in deposits near/with coal and petroleum

24. Petroleum Also formed from marine organisms Contains complex alkanes and alkenes Must be refined to be useful

25. Petroleum Distillation To refine petroleum, it is heated to vaporization The vapors condense as they cool Different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures Different hydrocarbons are collected at different points in the condenser

26. Petroleum Refinery

27. Combustion of Fossil Fuels Primary products of fossil fuel combustion are water and carbon dioxide Partial combustion of fossil fuels can produce harmful gases like carbon monoxide or tiny carbon particles. It can also increase the chemicals in the atmosphere which may increase the acidity of precipitation.

28. Complete section 9.1 assessment in your notebook Write the questions and answers in your notebook. Due tomorrow

29. 9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons Substituted hydrocarbons: a hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen has been replaced with a different element Functional Group: substituted atoms/group of atoms Examples include: Alcohols Organic Acids & Bases Esters

30. Alcohols Compounds end in –ol Functional group is hydroxyl, OH Some alcohols may be mixed with gasoline to help it burn more completely

31. Organic Acids Names of compounds end in –oic Functional group is a carboxyl group, COOH Tend to have sharp tastes and strong odors Vinegar is a solution of water and ethanoic acid

32. Esters Esters form when organic acids react with alcohols Water also forms from this reaction Esters are used in many processed foods to produce flavors like strawberry, grape, banana

33. Complete the section 9.2 assessment Write all questions and answers in your notebook Due tomorrow

34. 9.3 Polymers Polymer: a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. Monomer: the smaller molecules that link together to make a polymer

36. Polymers may be natural or synthetic Organisms make polymers, as do chemists in laboratories Cotton and silk are natural polymers, while fleece is synthetic

37. Synthetic Polymers Properties of a polymer: depend on the type and number of monomers in a polymer. Examples: 1: Rubber 2: Nylon 3: Polyethylene

38. Rubber Rubber can be collected from the sap of trees in tropical regions It is a limited resource Chemists during WWII began using hydrocarbons from petroleum to create synthetic rubber

39. Synthetic Rubber https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1N8aaMI FFQI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1N8aaMI FFQI

40. Nylon Synthetic fiber made to try to replace silk. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXB zCBQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXB zCBQ

41. Nylon Polymers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXB zCBQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y479OXB zCBQ

42. Polyethylene Forms when the hydrocarbon ethene (ethylene) links together The more carbon atoms in the chain, the stronger the polymer Milk jugs, plastic wrap, other plastic materials are polymers

43. Polyethylene https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7BLsexJ n0c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7BLsexJ n0c

44. 9.4 Reactions in Cells Explain why we burn oils, fats, and fuels. Energy is transferred and converted from one form to another in cellular chemical reactions 2 main types of cellular reactions: – Photosynthesis – Cellular Respiration

45. Photosynthesis During photosynthesis: energy from sunlight is concerted into chemical energy When all reactions are complete the energy from the sunlight has been stored in the covalent bonds of molecules

46. Photosynthesis

47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4S c_k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4S c_k

48. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration: When the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis is released A series of complex chemical reactions Needed for your body to ANYTHING.

49. Cellular Respiration In this reaction, glucose is reacting with oxygen – We get the glucose (broken down and absorbed during digestions) from our food – plants get glucose from photosynthesis – We get the oxygen from breathing – plants get oxygen from photosynthesis Fat has twice the energy as carbohydrates

50. Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration

51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cf GuQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cf GuQ