1. Unit 5 – Anatomy & Physiology Musculo-Skeletal System

2. Objectives By the end of the lesson you will be able to:- - Identify & correctly label 6 major bones & 6 major muscles. - Describe 4 functions of the musculo - skeletal system. - Explain the importance of long bones.

3. Musculo-Skeletal System Made up of 2 body systems. Muscular System Skeletal System

4. Cranium Clavicle Pelvis HumerusRadius Femur Ulna Tibia Patella Fibula Scapula (hidden) Sternum Vertebrae Ribs Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges There are 206 bones in the human body - the larger bones are: The Skeletal System Skip to labelled diagram

5. The Cranium Your skeleton is made up of bones, which are held together at joints by strong ‘straps’ called ligaments. It is also known as the skull. It is made up of 8 flat interlocking bones. The lower jaw-bone or mandible is hinged to the cranium, so you can chew.

6. The Rib Cage You have 12 pairs of ribs. All are joined to the vertebrae at the back. Most are also joined to the sternum at the front, except the bottom 2 pairs which are short floating ribs.

7. The skeleton is a rigid supporting framework of bones inside the body, to which all the soft tissues and organs are attached. The Functions of the Skeleton The skeleton can: Together, the bones and muscles form a machine which can perform many different tasks. grow in size. repair its own broken parts. lubricate its own joints. support internal organs. Protection Support Movement Blood Cell Production The 4 main functions of the Skeleton are:

8. Functions of the Skeleton - Summary 3. Blood Production Red blood cells are made in the ribs and limb bones. 6. Protection The rib cage protects the delicate heart and lungs. 7. Movement The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, run and sprint. 5. Support The vertebrae support the head. 4. Support The bones of the legs support the body. 1. Protection The cranium protects the soft tissue of the brain. 2. Movement The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body.

9. Protection The hard nature of bone means that the skeleton can protect the more delicate parts of the body. Examples: The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of the brain. The rib cage protects the delicate heart and lungs.

10. Without the skeleton, the body would be flabby and shapeless. Examples: The bones of the legs support the body. The vertebrae support the head. Support

11. The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move when the muscles attached to them contract. Example: The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, jog and sprint. Movement The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body.

12. Red and white blood cells are made in red bone marrow which is found at the ends of the femur and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae. : Femur: Located in the upper part of the leg. : Humerus: Located in the upper part of the arm. Blood Cell Production Red Bone Marrow

13. Movement: The joints in the spine allow bending and twisting. Support: The spine is long and strong to support other body parts, e.g. the head. Protection: The spine is hard and protects the nerves running through the middle, i.e. the spinal cord. The Vertebral Column It is made up of 34 vertebrae, which are divided into 5 regions, each having its own function.

14. Cervical Vertebrae (7): Support the head, allowing it to bend and twist. Thoracic Vertebrae (12): The ribs are connected to these - there is very little movement. Lumbar Vertebrae (5): These are big and allow powerful twisting and bending of the back. Sacrum Vertebrae (5): These form one solid mass which is fused to the pelvis. Coccyx Vertebrae (5): These are the remains of our tail. The Vertebral Column

15. Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they begin as cartilage. Cartilage Periosteum Bone Marrow Spongy Bone Compact Bone What are Bones made of? Vitamin D helps build bone. Calcium is a mineral which helps keep bones strong. Even as a fully-grown adult, the bone structure is always changing, as vitamins and minerals are constantly replaced. As you get older this turns into hard bone by a process called ossification. Bones will only grow properly as long as certain minerals and vitamins are eaten: A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a balanced diet and exercise will make the bones harder.

16. Types of Bones There are 4 main types of bones in the human body. Long Tubular Bones Long Tubular Bones – These are long and affect our overall height, e.g. the legs & arms (femur & humerus). Short Bones Short Bones – These are smaller and are often found with many others, e.g. the feet & hands (phalanges). Flat Bones Flat Bones – These are flat and are often found forming a protective surface, e.g. the skull (cranium) and pelvis. Irregular Bones Irregular Bones – These are irregular in shape and have a specific function, e.g. the bones of the spine (vertebral column). Each type has a different size and shape because they have different jobs to do:

17. Joints A joint is where two or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement. The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement. Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints. The bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots.

18. 1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move - they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull. 2. Slightly Moveable Joints The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move a little - they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined by protective pads known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs. 3. Freely Moveable Joints At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely. They are also known as synovial joints, and are the largest group of joints found in the body, e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees. Types of Joints There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.

19. Freely Moveable Joints A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics: Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints. They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet. There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton. 2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds the bones together and protects the joint. 3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint capsule which also produces synovial fluid. 4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement. 5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to bone, holding the joint together. 6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone. 1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and which helps prevent friction between the joint.

20. Types of Synovial Joints KEY Ball & Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon how they move.

21. Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body. 1. Ball and Socket Joints They can move in all directions, e.g. the hip and shoulder joints.

22. Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door. 2. Hinge Joints They can only move in two directions, e.g. the knee and elbow joints.

23. This joint only allows rotation, e.g. the vertebrae of the neck. 3. Pivot Joints There is a little movement in all directions, e.g. the hand between the carpals. 4. Gliding Joints

24. In these joints there is movement forwards, backwards and to the right and left, but no rotation, e.g. the thumb. 5. Saddle Joints Here there is a little movement in all directions, but there is no rotation, e.g. the wrist. 6. Condyloid Joints

25. Pectorals Deltoids Biceps Abdominals Quadriceps Hamstrings Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Triceps Gastrocnemius Gluteals Front ViewBack View The Muscular System These are the major muscles of the body…

26. Functions of the Body Muscles MusclePosition in the bodyMain Action Gluteals In the middle of the body at the back, forming the bottom. At the top of each leg at the back. At the bottom of each leg at the back. Also known as the calf muscles. Pull the legs back at the hips. Bend the legs at the knees. Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes. Hamstrings Gastrocnemius

27. MusclePosition in the Body Main Action Latissimus Dorsi Triceps At the back of the body, either side of the chest. At the top of each arm at the back. Pull your arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back. Straighten the arms at the elbow. Trapezius In the centre of the chest at the back of the body, spreading up. Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways.

28. MusclePosition in the Body Main Action Deltoids Biceps Quadriceps In the upper part of the body, covering the shoulders. At the top of each arm at the front. At the top of each leg at the front. Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders. Bend the arms at the elbows. Straighten the legs at the knees.

29. MusclePosition in the body Main Action Pectorals In the upper part of the chest at the front. At the front of the body in the middle, just below the chest. Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders. Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward. Abdominals

30. Muscle Types of the Body Every movement in the body depends upon muscles to take place. Within the body, there are 3 types of muscle: 2. Involuntary Muscle 3. Voluntary Muscle 1. Cardiac Muscle

31. Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons. Movement of the arm at the elbow Antagonistic Muscles They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

32. Objectives By the end of the lesson you will be able to:- - Identify & correctly label 6 major bones & 6 major muscles. - Describe 4 functions of the musculo - skeletal system. - Explain the importance of long bones.