1. OBHS Physical Education
ANATOMY – The Skeletal System

2. 5 Major Functions There are five major functions of the skeleton:
1. Shape and support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood Production
5. Storage
Remember : Should Mothers Protect Babies Skins

3. Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way
Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.
Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way
which allows movement.
Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects
the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc.
Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow found in many bones.
RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to
work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin.
WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body.
Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add strength

4. Main Bones 1. Cranium 2. Scapula 3. Clavicle 4. Humerus 5. Pelvis
6. Sternum
7. Ribs
8. Vertebrae
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Carpals &
Metacarpals
12. Phalanges
13. Femur
14. Patella
15. Tibia
16. Fibula
17. Tarsals &
Metatarsals
18. Phalanges

5. Don’t be confused… The Foot The Chest Clavicle – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder blade
The Arm
Radius - thumb side lower
Ulna - finger side lower
Humerus - upper arm – “funny bone”
The Hand
Carpals - wrist bones
Metacarpals – hand
The Foot
Metatarsals - foot
Tarsals - ankle –think “T” for “toes”
The Leg
Fibula - small lower
Tibia - large lower
Patella - knee

6. Joints Where bones meet they form JOINTS.
The movement of the skeleton is helped by
joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:
Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull)
Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.-vertebrae of spine)
Synovial (a range of movements are available)

7. Synovial Joints Most moving joints are SYNOVIAL JOINTS. They
are very complex
structures. The Bones are
linked together by
ligaments and allow a wide
range of movements.
Features of a synovial joint include:
Synovial fluid – Lubricates the joint
Synovial Membrane – Seals the joint
Synovial Capsule - Surround the joint to prevent leakage
The knee is an example of a synovial joint

8. Connective tissue Joints are moved by muscles and
bones. These are attached by
LIGAMENTS and TENDONS.
LIGAMENTS attach bone
to bone.
TENDONS attach muscle
e.g.- The knee joint. Movements other than flexion/extension can cause serious ligament damage in hinge joints like the knee. In contact sports like rugby these ligaments are often strained by forces acting in other directions.

9. Joints Cont’d Joints can be separated into FOUR categories:
Ball and Socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint

10. Ball and Socket
Two examples of this joint in the human body are the hip
and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits
into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the
greatest range of movement.
Pelvis
Femur

11. Hinge Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the
knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them.
You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in
one direction, just like the hinge of a door.
Radius
Humerus
Ulna

12. Gliding In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub
against each other. These small bones can move over
one another to increase flexibility of the hands for
example. They are stopped from moving too far by
strong ligaments.
Carpals

13. Pivot This joint is made when one bone twists against another.
These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to
turn, raise and lower.

14. Types of Movement There are many types of movement that the
skeleton and muscles can produce. The following
are the most common:
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion

15. Types of Movement cont’d
FLEXION – Bending the joint. E.g. Bending the
knee or elbow. BALL and SOCKET and HINGE are
the main joint types that can produce this
movement.

16. Types of Movement cont’d
EXTENSION of a joint is where the joint is straightened.
BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints are common
examples of joints that can produce this movement.
Straightening the leg when striking a ball is an example of EXTENSION at the knee (HINGE JOINT)

17. Types of Movement cont’d
The ROTATION movement can occur at a BALL
and SOCKET and a PIVOT joint. e.g. turning the
head or the movement at the shoulder when
swimming backstroke.

18. Types of Movement cont’d
ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION movements can be
produced by BALL and SOCKET joints. ABDUCTION is
where a limb moves away from the centre of the body.
ADDUCTION is where the limb is moved TOWARDS the centre of the body.

19. Joints and Performance
Injuries to joints can occur from:
Over use (Too much training)
Incorrect movement injuries (e.g.-wrong techniques)
Impact or twisting (e.g.-twist of knee or elbow from a tackle or collision)
Such injuries should be iced immediately, given plenty rest, elevated and compressed to aid recovery and avoid permanent damage.
sports injuries clip