1. This file reviews materials in Exercises 9, 10, 11 and it prepares students for the coming lab test. Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton)
Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton)
Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements)
by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176;

2. Ex. 9: Appendicular skeleton

3. Required bones and markings are highlighted in 3 different colors--
1. Individual bones in green
2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)
3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red (fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.) 3

4. Right vs. Left--In order to determine if a scapula is right or left, orient it so the glenoid cavity (articulating surface) faces laterally (outward) and the spine is posterior (toward back) and superior (upper). The coracoid process should be anterior and superior. The spine points at 2 o’clock (Right side of the clock) for the right scapula, and at 10 o’clock (Left side of the clock) for the left scapula.
Suprascapular
notch
Superior
border
Superior angle
Acromion
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Lateral
angle
Spine
Glenoid
Cavity (Fossa)
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Inferior angle
The right scapula;
Anterior view
The right scapula;
Posterior view 4

5. Name the bone above: _________; left or right side of body? ________;
Right scapula
Name the bone above: _________;
left or right side of body? ________;
Practice 01 5

6. Is the above clavicle from the left or right side of the body?
Right vs. Left-- Orient the clavicle so the smooth (no grooves and ridges) superior surface faces up. Then, the rounded sternal (medial) end should face medially while the broad and flat acromial (lateral) end faces laterally. Finally, the medial half of the clavicle should bulge OUT (convex anteriorly) first followed by its lateral half bulges IN (concave posteriorly).
Acromial (lateral) end
Sternal end
Right clavicle
Is the above clavicle from the left or right side of the body?
Right

7. A right scapula or left scapula (as shown below)?
Right scapula and left clavicle
Right scapula and left clavicle
A right clavicle or left clavicle (as shown above)?
Practice 02 7

8. Humerus; anterior view Humerus; posterior view
Greater
tubercle
Greater
tubercle
Head
Lesser
tubercle
Anatomical
neck
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Nutrient
foramen
Deltoid
tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Coronoid
fossa
Radial
fossa
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Capitulum
Olecranon
fossa
Trochlea
Humerus; anterior view
Humerus; posterior view 8

9. Name the bone above. ____________
Practice 03 9

10. Right vs. Left-- First orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior side. On the humerus, look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side (where the olecranon process of the ulna fits in when the elbow is straightened). The specimen below is from the right side. 10

11. 11 Olecranon (process) Olecranon (process) Trochlear notch
Radial notch
of ulna
Head of
radius
Head of
radius
Coronoid process
Neck of
radius
Neck of
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial
tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Interosseous
borders
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid
process
Styloid
process
Articular facets 11
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view

12. Practice 04
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view 12

13. The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view
Distal phalanx II
Key to carpal bones
Middle phalanx II
Distal row
Proximal row
Phalanges (fingers)
Proximal phalanx II
Distal
phalanx I
Head
Pollex
Body
Proximal
phalanx I
Base
Head V IV
III II
Metacarpals (palms) I-V
First
metacarpal
Body I
Base
Hamulus of hamate
Trapezium
Carpals (wrist)
bones
Hamate
Trapezoid
Carpal
bones
Pisiform
Capitate
Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Lunate
Mnemonic for carpal bones– Sally Left The Party (proximal row);
To Take Charlie Home (distal row) 13

14. The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view
Practice 05
The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view
Key to carpal bones
Distal row
Proximal row 14

15. The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view
Iliac
crest
Iliac
fossa
Base of
sacrum
Ilium
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacroiliac joint
Pelvic surface
of sacrum
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic inlet
Ischial spine
Coccyx
Ischium
Acetabulum
Body
Interpubic
disc
Ischial ramus
Superior ramus
Obturator
foramen
Pubis
Inferior ramus
Body
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
Each coxal/hip bone is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 15

16. Practice 06 16 ID this bone— ID this bone—
The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view
ID this bone—
ID this bone—
Practice 06 16

17. Male Female 17 Obturator foramen Pubic arch Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet
80-90°
50-60° 17

18. A right or left hip bone (as shown)?
Right vs. Left-- In order to determine if a hip bone is right or left, place the bone on yourself with the iliac crest superior, hold it with acetabulum facing laterally (outward), and the obturator foramen inferior (down). Now all you need to do is determine which side is anterior vs. posterior, which can be done by looking for the rough pubic symphysis (anterior) that is at the midline to meet its fellow hip bone of the other side.
A right or left hip bone (as shown)?
Right hip bone
Practice 07 18

19. Posterior gluteal line Right coxal bone, lateral view
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Iliac crest
Anterior gluteal
line
Inferior gluteal line
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior gluteal line
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Body of ilium
Acetabulum
Superior ramus
of pubis
Ischial spine
Body of pubis
Lesser sciatic notch
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Body of ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
Right coxal bone, lateral view 19

20. Right coxal bone, lateral view
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Right coxal bone, lateral view
Practice 08 20

21. Right coxal bone, medial view
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Arcuate line
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Auricular surface
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Pubic crest
Location of
pubic symphysis
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
Right coxal bone, medial view 21

22. Right coxal bone, medial view
Practice 09 22

23. 23 Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity (a) Anterior view
Fovea capitis
Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter
Head
Neck
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest
Spiral line
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Shaft
Medial supracondylar line
Lateral supracondylar
line
Popliteal surface
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patella
Articular facets
Apex of patella
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view 23

24. Right vs. Left-- In order to distinguish right from left, first orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior side. On the femur, look for the patellar surface, which is anterior. Also note how the articulating surfaces of the condyles extends far back on the posterior side (since the knee bends back but not forward). The specimen below is from the right side.
ID the bone—
Practice 10
Posterior view 24

25. Anterior border (crest)
Intercondylar eminence
Medial
condyle
Lateral condyle
Apex
Head of fibula
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
Tibial
tuberosity
Lateral surface
Interosseous
membrane
Anterior border (crest)
Mnemonic for location of tibia and fibula:
The fibuLA is LAteral.
Tibia
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular joint
Medial
malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view 25

26. Right vs. Left-- You need to tell right from left for the tibia
Right vs. Left-- You need to tell right from left for the tibia. To do so, first orient the tibia so that the larger flatter end is superior (up). The anterior border (crest or shin) should of course be anterior (front). Finally, the medial side can be determined by the medial malleolus (remember that the malleoli bracket the ankle and since the tibia is the medial bone of the lower limb, its malleolus must be medial). A right tibia is shown below.
Anterior view
Practice 11 26

27. Superior (dorsal) view
Distal phalanx I
Hallux
Distal
phalanx V
Proximal phalanx I
Middle
phalanx V
Proximal
phalanx V
Metatarsal I II
III IV V
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus
Tarsal bones
Trochlear surface
of talus
Key to tarsal bones
Distal group
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Proximal group
Mnemonic for tarsal bones– CAn TALented NAVal MEDIcs INTERest LAzy CUBscouts? 27

28. Superior (dorsal) view
Key to tarsal bones
Distal group
Proximal group
Practice 12 28

29. Ex. 10: Fetal skeleton

30. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid Lambdoid fontanel
Nasal
bone
Squamous
suture
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic
bone
Mastoid
fontanel
Mandible
Sphenoid
bone
Temporal bone
(a) Lateral view 30

31. Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Metopic suture
Anterior fontanel
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
(b) Superior view 31

32. (a) Lateral view
Practice 13
(b) Superior view 32

33. Ex. 11: Articulations and body movements
Required structures are highlighted.

34. 34 Proximal phalanx Ligament Joint cavity Articular containing
synovial fluid
Articular
cartilages
Periosteum
Fibrous
capsule
Joint
capsule
Bone
Synovial
membrane
Middle
phalanx 34

35. 35 Femur Patellar surface Lateral Medial condyle condyle
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Medial meniscus
Tibial collateral
ligament
Transverse
ligament
Patellar ligament
(cut)
Fibula
Tibia
(a) Anterior view 35

36. Practice 14
(a) Anterior view 36

37. 37 Femur Medial condyle Anterior cruciate Tibial ligament collateral
Fibular collateral
ligament
Medial
meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular cartilage
of tibia
Fibula
Tibia
(b) Posterior view 37

38. 38 Quadriceps femoris Quadriceps Femur femoris tendon Suprapatellar
bursa
Bursa under lateral
head of gastrocnemius
Prepatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Patella
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Meniscus
Infrapatellar fat pad
Superficial
infrapatellar bursa
Patellar ligament
Tibia
Deep
infrapatellar bursa
(c) Sagittal section 38

39. Lateral meniscus
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus
Synovial
membrane
Medial condyle
of tibia
Lateral condyle
of tibia
Anterior cruciate
ligament
(d) Superior view of tibia and menisci 39

40. Ball-and-socket joints–
Features: Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
Examples:
(shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula (shown below)
(hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
Head of humerus
Scapula 40

41. Metacarpal bone Phalanx 2. Condylar joints–
Features: Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next
Examples:
radiocarpal joint of the wrist
metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers (shown below)
Metacarpal bone
Phalanx 41

42. Trapezium Metacarpal bone 3. Saddle joints–
Features: Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)
Example:
trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb (as shown below)
Trapezium
Metacarpal bone 42

43. Carpal bones 4. Gliding (plane) joints—
Features: Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other
Examples:
between the carpal bones of the wrist (shown below)
the tarsal bones of the ankle
articular processes of the vertebrae
Carpal bones 43

44. Humerus Ulna 5. Hinge joints—
Features: One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone
Examples:
ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of the ulna) (shown below)
femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)
Humerus
Ulna 44

45. 6. Pivot joints–
Features: One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
Examples:
proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and supination (as shown below)
atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas)
Ulna
Radius 45

46. 46 Hyperextension Flexion Extension Extension Flexion (a) (b) Flexion
Hip
flexion
Hyperextension
(c)
Knee
flexion
Extension
(d) 46

47. Identify the body movements below.
(a) Abduction
(b) Adduction
Practice 15 47

48. Identify the body movements below.
(a) Medial (internal) rotation
(b) Lateral (external) rotation
Practice 16 48

49. Identify the body movements below.
Circumduction
Practice 17 49

50. Identify the body movements below.
(a) Supination
(b) Pronation
Practice 18 50

51. Identify the body movements below.
Dorsiflexion
Zero position
(b) Inversion
(c) Eversion
Plantar flexion
(a) Flexion of ankle
Practice 19 51

52. Models with KEYS

53. KEY CARD (Synovial joint of left knee)-- ALL are required terminologies. Educational + Scientific Products (ESP) in England (ZJY-940-J)
1. (in blue)– Articular cartilage; 2. (in white)-- Synovial membrane
3. Femur; Tibia
5. Medial meniscus; 6. Lateral meniscus
7. (in green)-- Fibrous capsule (outside synovial membrane; together synovial membrane and fibrous capsule are called joint capsule)
8. (in red)-- Tibial collateral ligament
9. Sponge (cancellous) bone showing patterning of the bony trabeculae
10. Marrow cavity

54. Knee (Anterior view)—All are required terminologies.
1. Femur; 2a. Lateral condyle of femur; 2b. Medial condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament; 6. Anterior cruciate ligament; 8. Patellar ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 11. Tendon of the quadriceps muscle; 12. location of patella (covered by tendon)

55. Knee (Posterior view)– All are required terminologies
1. Femur; 2a. Medial condyle of femur; 2b. Lateral condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 13a. Medial articular cartilage of tibia; 13b. Lateral articular cartilage of tibia; 14. Posterior cruciate ligament