1. Infancy: Newborn to Age 15
Infancy: Newborn to Age 1

2. Objectives
Describe a newborn and his or her food, sleep, and other basic needs.
Analyze the physical development of babies in the first 12 months of life.
Analyze the cognitive development of babies in the first 12 months of life.
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3. Objectives
Analyze the socio-emotional development of babies in the first 12 months of life.
Compare and contrast various developmental theories relating to infants.
Identify developmental milestones infants achieve during the first 12 months of life.

4. Neonates Infancy is the period from birth to the first birthday
Just after birth, babies are called neonates
This term refers to the time period from birth to age 1 month
During a normal uncomplicated birth, a mother is usually able to hold her baby soon after birth
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5. Neonates After birth, babies are tested to make sure they are healthy
The Apgar scale is administered at one and then five minutes after birth
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is given shortly after birth
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6. Neonates Babies are born with reflexes, such as the rooting reflex
Some senses are fully developed at birth, while others take a bit longer
Newborns can hear months before birth
They can sense, touch, and smell
Only their vision takes longer to develop
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7. Neonates
Although most babies leave the hospital a day or two after birth, some are not healthy enough to leave the hospital
Issues such as low birthweight, prematurity, and other birth or congenital complications may require special care
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8. Neonates
Whether becoming a parent by birth or adoption, bonding is important
A new family member certainly requires the adjustment of all family members
In the postpartum period, mothers need time for both physical and psychological adjustment
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9. Neonates
Somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of women experience postpartum depression, an intense sadness and oftentimes emotional withdrawal from others
Postpartum psychosis is a rare, but very serious mental condition for a very small number of new mothers
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10. Neonates
New fathers often report feelings of being overwhelmed with a sense of responsibility
Over one-third of neonates in America live in a single-parent home
Family adjustments may be much harder for single-parent families without adequate support
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11. Neonates
Other children in the household have an adjustment to make to a new family member
Babies take time to care for and nurture
Siblings can feel left out or cheated in what should be “their time”
Extended family members must also adjust to the new family member

12. Infants
In the first 12 months of life, babies undergo tremendous changes
They are utterly dependent on caregivers
The physical qualities and changes that occur are sequential and predictable
One principle of physical growth and change is the proximodistal development pattern
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13. Infants In the first 4 months, birthweight often doubles
Growth in height is about 1 inch per month
The increase in body weight often makes an infant appear chubby, soft, and cuddly
A baby’s head is disproportionately large
Cephalocaudal development occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities
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14. Infants
Many babies do not begin getting teeth until at least 6 months of age
Once this occurs, teeth eruption continues at a rapid pace
Newborns can hear, taste, and feel like adults
They can see from birth, too, just not at an adult level
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15. Infants
The growth and development of the brain and nervous system continues throughout infancy
Newborns’ brains are perfect for learning about the world around them
A baby should never be shaken, as the jostling of the brain can cause tragic injuries, as in Shaken Baby Syndrome
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16. Infants
Babies who engage in physical activity, are spoken to, and encouraged to verbalize for themselves (cooing, babbling) are more apt to develop strong brain pathways
Babies who are neglected fail to thrive both physically and cognitively
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17. Infants
During the first 12 months, infants develop their gross- and fine-motor skills rapidly
By 6 months, babies can balance their heads while in an upright position
Before long, babies are crawling, creeping, and pulling themselves to a standing position and “walking” as they lean against a support
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18. Infants Fine-motor skills development moves in sequential order
Babies use the Palmar grasp to scrape up an object with their fingers into the palm of their hands
Babies next use the pincer grasp
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19. Infants Babies need well-balanced nutrition
Their needs are quite different from the nutritional needs of children or adults
Because newborns are learning to swallow, their nutrition must come in liquid form
Breast-feeding or selection of a nutritious formula can meet the infant’s needs
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20. Infants
Between 6 and 12 months, caregivers often start feeding infants solids
Food intolerances are reactions to foods that are unpleasant
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21. Infants Newborn babies sleep most of the day/night
Babies’ sleep needs change over the first few months of life
Throughout infancy, babies continue to need both a morning and afternoon nap
Sleep is critically important to an infant’s growth and development
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22. Infants
Piaget called the first stage of cognitive development the sensorimotor stage
This stage continues throughout infancy until about age 2
During the first few months of life, infants begin to understand object permanence
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23. Infants
Skinner theorized that one way infants learn is through operant conditioning
Using operant conditioning, a baby responds to a stimulus
Depending on the result, the baby will learn to repeat or stop the response
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24. Infants
Vygotsky believed that children develop their minds through interactions with caregivers, siblings, and others in close relationships
Babies begin to demonstrate familiarity or memory of certain objects or people
Their memories, however, are not long lasting
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25. Infants
As infants interact with others, they begin to associate symbols with their thoughts
These symbols are found in language, which is learned from interaction with others
Babies understand language much before they can form words
This is termed receptive language
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26. Infants
Physical and cognitive development are highly related to socio-emotional growth
In the trust versus mistrust stage, infants must learn to develop trust relationships with their caregivers
Trust can be learned at a later stage, but is optimally learned during infancy
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27. Infants
During infancy, the child bonds with the caregiver, which is called attachment
Stranger anxiety is considered an important developmental milestone
Infants typically experience separation anxiety when their caregiver leaves them
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28. Infants
Unoccupied play happens when a baby observes and focuses on an object or activity
Solitary play happens when an infant plays alone
Both types of play are milestones in socio-emotional development
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29. Infants
During infancy, emotions are imitated as babies learn how to express their emotions through observing others’ reactions to events
Even at an early age, babies can show some control over their emotions
Temperament, unique individual differences in the way people interact with the world, is persistent throughout life

30. Special Needs
Some babies are born with genetic disorders that require special care
Others have special needs that develop or are recognized during infancy
When development significantly lags behind the norms, caregivers should consult a doctor
Interventions, including medical care, special therapy, and resources, can be helpful