1. Chapter 18 The Cold War Section 1 Origins of the Cold War

2. Soviet Union Communism -state controlled all property Totalitarianism - no opposing parties allowed to exists Mad at US because… 1. US did NOT recognize their Communist government until 16 years after their revolution 2. US kept atomic bomb development a secret 3. Wanted US to have D-Day invasion earlier United States Capitalism - private ownership Democracy - people elect a president and congress from competing parties Mad at USSR because… 1. Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler back in 1939

3. United Nations Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April 25, 1945 to establish it. June 26 - they signed the charter. Problem: The UN was intended to promote peace, but it became an arena where the two superpowers competed

4. Harry Truman A hard-working, well-liked senator Only vice-president for 82 days when FDR died Only met with FDR twice- FDR kept him uniformed about military matters AND did not tell him about the atomic bomb BUT – Harry Truman was tough and could make decisions

5. Potsdam Conference A post-war conference July-Aug 1945 Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin Purpose: to decide how to administer Germany (who had surrendered in May) - May 8 V-E Day

6. REVIEW Yalta Conference Feb 4-11, 1945 Churchill, FDR, Stalin

7. Review Yalta Conference 1.Agreed to move ahead and create a new international peacekeeping body, the United Nations (based on the principles laid out earlier in the Atlantic Charter) 2.Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan AFTER GERMANY SURRENDERED 3.Stalin promised “free elections” in Poland and other Soviet-occupied territories in Eastern Europe

8. US vs Soviet Aims in Europe United States Encourage democracy in other countries – to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian governments Soviet Union Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy

9. US vs Soviet Aims in Europe United States Gain access to European raw materials and markets for its booming industries Soviet Union Transfer Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment to the Soviet Union to help rebuild its war-ravaged economy

10. US vs Soviet Aims in Europe United States REBUILD European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods Soviet Union CONTROL Eastern Europe to balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe

11. US vs Soviet Aims in Europe United States REUNITE GERMANY (so Germany would be more secure if they were productive and less bitter about defeat) Soviet Union KEEP GERMANY DIVIDED and WEAK ( since the Germans had waged war on them TWICE in the last 30 years – and caused 20 million Soviet deaths)

13. Satellite nations Countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviet Union

14. In 1945, Stalin left Poland in the Hands of a Pro-Soviet Government Stalin prevented free elections in Poland At Potsdam Conference, Truman pushed Stalin to allow free elections Stalin refused BUT…the Soviet army occupied the Eastern European countries, so would could the West do?

15. Joseph Stalin 1946, He gave a speech that said… Communism and capitalism were incompatible. Another war was inevitable. The Soviet Union would concentrate on building weapons rather than consumer goods.

16. The United States… considered this (Stalin’s speech) a virtual declaration of war.

17. The policy of containment Create alliances Support weaker countries to block the spread of Communism Suggested by George F. Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow

18. Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech March 1946 We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you…about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe… and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.

19. The Cold War A state of hostility short of direct military confrontation between the 2 superpowers: US & USSR 1946-1991 It lasted almost 50 years (and ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Ronald Reagan was the U.S. President)

20. The Truman Doctrine What: Supporting free people who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures This meant that the US: 1. would go anywhere to fight for this idea. 2. would support a government (so long as it’s anti-Communist) no matter how brutal, corrupt, or inefficient 3. Stalin became the enemy (in the eyes of the American public)

21. In March 1947, Truman requested foreign aid: He asked Congress for $400 million for Turkey and Greece!

22. Background Like post-war Greece, post-war Western Europe conditions were very, very bad Economic chaos Factories bombed/looted Massive unemployment (theft, black market) Many people lived in settlement camps Britain - electricity could only be used for a few hours a day 1946-47 winter - coldest in several hundred years (Thames River flooded) Food shortages - food rations worse than during the war

23. George Marshall Army Chief of Staff - WWII Secretary of State (under Truman Jan 1947- Jan 1949) June 1947 - announced his European aid plan at a Harvard graduation Sec. of Defense (Sept 1950 - Sept 1951)

24. The Marshall Plan What : $ 12 ½ BILLION in economic aid to Europe BUT…1 st Europe had to remove trade barriers and to cooperate economically with each other. Soviets didn’t like this because Europe would be trading with the US!

25. Fears of Communist Domination NY Times political cartoon March, 1948

26. February 25, 1948 - several weeks before the cartoon was published, a Soviet-backed, communist coup took place in Czechoslovakia. American shock at the coup reduced opposition to the Marshall Plan Congress finally approved the bill in April 1948, (ten months after it was originally proposed.)

27. Germany Divided into 4 Sectors East 1 sector USSR Problem: Berlin, the capital, lay deep within Soviet Zone (Berlin was also divided into 4 sectors) Soviets cut off the Western Berliners’ supplies West 3 sectors US England France

28. The 3 democratic zones formed their own country (West Germany) The Problem: The capital Berlin was 1.divided into 4 sectors 2.located deep within the Soviet zone of Germany Soviet retaliation: - Soviets cut off all highway, water and rail traffic into the Western democratic zones of Berlin -No supplies could get in, so the city faced starvation Situation: -2.1 million people lived in Berlin -Could hold on for 5 weeks more

29. Berlin Airlift C 47 military transports (Am and Brit) flew in over 2 million TONS of food & supplies for 327 days – around the clock 277,000 flights total An entire city (2 million) was supplied.

30. Result of Berlin Airlift… American prestige rose Soviet prestige fell May 1949, Soviet Union lifted Berlin Blockade NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed of 10 “Western” nations, April 1949

31. 1948 Germany Divided into 2 countries West - Democratic Federal Republic of Germany Bonn, capital East - Communist German Democratic Republic East Berlin, capital

32. NATO North A tlantic T reaty O rganization All member nations promised that an attack on one would be regarded as an attack on all - armed force if necessary 1st time in US history - a US military alliance during peacetime