1. Vascular plants- Have vascular tissue (vessels) that carry nutrients up and down plant -includes all plants that grow in height

2. Parts of the vascular tissue 1.Xylem-transports water and nutrients from root to leaves 2.Phloem- Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of plant **Both structures extend from root tip through stem to leaves

3. Vascular plants are divided into 2 groups: 1.Gymnosperms2.Angiosperms Produce seeds in conesProduce seeds in fruit Ex. Pines, palm trees(Produce flowers) Most are evergreensFruit-Flesh around a seed includes most plants Most are deciduous *Both types have seeds- hard coat around the embryo

4. Advantages of seeds: 1.Seeds have food to nourish embryo 2.Protects 3.Aids in dispersal 4.Does not require much water to reproduce

5. Anthophyta (flowering plants) have 2 kinds of seeds: 1. Monocot-stands for mono cotyledon -Seeds have 1 seed leaf (Ex. Grasses, orchids, lilies) 2. Dicot-stands for di cotyledon -Seeds have 2 seed leaves (Ex. Garden flowers, most trees)

7. Some adaptations plants: -During droughts, cold, and limited sunlight, roots and stems store food 3 Ways They Store Food 1.Bulb- short stem enclosed in a fleshy leaf base ex. Onion 2.Corm- short thickened underground stem that is not in a fleshy leaf base 3.Tuber- swollen root or stem with buds that sprout to form new leaves -Each eye develops a shoot (ex. Potato)

8. Flowering Plants Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Common Name: Angiosperms

9. Lifecycles of Flowering Plants: 1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex. Corn/Wheat) -sprout, grow, reproduce & die -Most herbaceous-no woody material 2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2 years (Ex. Carrot/turnips) -1 st year-grow leaves and roots/above ground part dies back in winter -2 nd year-produce new shoots, reproduce (make flowers & seeds), & die 3. Perennial-Take several years -Produce flowers and seeds periodically -includes all plants that have wood

10. Anthophyta (Angiosperm) plant structures: 1. Roots- Underground part of plant Functions: 1. Anchor 2. Absorbs water and nutrients 3. Transports nutrients to stem 4. Stores food (ex. Carrot)

11. Structures of a root 1. Epidermis- Outermost layer of cells 2. Root hairs- Extension of an epidermal cell -used to increase the area of the root to absorb more water 3. Cortex- Layer beneath epidermis- it passes nutrients from the epidermis to the center of the plant (vascular tissue) --Cells that make up cortex called parenchyma cells

12. 4. Endodermis- innermost layer of cortex that surrounds the vascular tissue-it is a waterproof seal that controls passage of water into a root 5. Pericycle- layer inside endodermis-it gives rise to the lateral roots that grow at side of larger roots 6. Vascular tissue- in middle of root- consists of two parts: a. xylem b. phloem

13. 2 Parts of Vascular Tissue a.xylem-transports water up and down b.Phloem-transports sugar and nutrients

14. How roots grow? There are three zones of root growth: 1. Root cap-at tip of root-it protects root as it penetrates down into earth 2. Zone of elongation-new cells are produced here pushing cells further down into soil adding length

16. 3. Zone of differentiation-cells here develop into different areas such as the cortex, pericycle **Apical meristem- where the cells of the root divide by mitosis adding new cells to root --responsible for growth in length of plant

18. 2. Stem-above ground part of plant Functions: 1.Support leaves 2.Includes vascular tissue (transports nutrients and water) 3.Where leaves and flower buds are produced

19. Stem Structures 1.Vascular tissue- In middle Includes xylem and phloem Xylem- Transports water Phloem- Transports nutrients/sugar *Other structures are like root *Vascular cambium- where cells divide by mitosis to allow growth in width of plant -width is called girth

20. 3. Leaves --Have a waxy layer- cuticle --Have openings called stomata --Cells that regulate size of openings are called guard cells

21. Leaf Structure: 1.Epidermis- outer layer of cells 2. Mesophyl- beneath epidermis *Place where photosynthesis occurs 3. Vascular tissue- located within mesophyl takes nutrients and water to and from leaf

22. Transpiration Evaporation of water from leaf surface

23. Modified Leaf Structures: Cactus spines- pointed to protect and reduce water loss Onion leafs- food storage Pincher plants- trap insects Aloe Vera- store water