1. NOT ON AP: NEEDED FOR BACKGROUND
Plant Structure and Growth

2. The Diversity of Angiosperms
Angiosperms (flowering plants) can be divided into 2 major categories:
Monocots –
have one seed leaf (cotyledon)
Dicots –
have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)

3. Monocots Monocots have only 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)
Examples of monocots:
Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms

4. Dicots Dicots have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) Examples of dicots:
Roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies

5. Woody vs. Herbaceous Plants
Angiosperms can also be subdivided into the groups of woody and herbaceous plants
Woody plants are made of cells with thick cell walls that support the cell body
Examples: trees, shrubs, vines
Herbaceous plants do not produce wood as they grow, and instead have smooth stems
Examples: dandelions, sunflowers

6. Anatomy of an angiosperm

7. Angiosperm structure Three basic organs: Roots (root system)
fibrous: mat of thin roots
taproot: one large, vertical root
Stems (shoot system)
nodes: leave attachment
internodes: stem segments
axillary bud: dormant, vegetative potential
terminal bud: apex of young shoot
Leaves (shoot system)
blade
petiole

8. Plant Organ Systems
Dermal (epidermis): single layer of cells for protection
Cuticle: a waxy coating on many leaves and stems
Vascular (material transport)
xylem: water and dissolved minerals roots to shoots
phloem: food from leaves to roots and fruits
Ground (photosynthesis, storage, support): tissues that are neither dermal or vascular
Pith: internal to the vascular tissue
Cortex: external to the vascular tissue

9. Plant Growth Life Cycles
annuals: complete their life cycle in 1 year or less (wildflowers; food crops)
biennials: complete their life cycle in 2 years or less (beets; carrots)
perennials: live many years (trees; shrubs)
Meristems: have indeterminate growth cycles
apical: tips of roots and buds; primary growth
lateral: cylinders of dividing cells along length of roots and stems; secondary growth (wood)

10. The Root System What do roots do? Types of root systems
Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb minerals and water
Store food
Types of root systems
Fibrous root system
Found mostly in monocots
Taproot system
Found mostly in dicots

11. Primary growth
Roots
root cap: protection of meristem and pushes through soil
zone of cell division: primary (apical) meristem where new root cells are produced
zone of elongation: cells elongate; pushes root tip into soil
zone of maturation: complete maturation and differentiate to become tissues

12. The Shoot System The shoot system consists of:
vegetative shoots (which bear leaves)
floral shoots (which bear flowers)
Stems have 3 important functions:
Producing leaves, flowers, branches
Holding leaves up to the sunlight
Transporting substances between roots and leaves

13. Primary Tissues of Stems
Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
Surrounded by ground tissue (xylem faces pith (central core of plant) and phloem faces cortex (tissue between the vascular tissue and the dermis). . . See diagram below)

14. How do stems grow? Primary growth Secondary growth Increase in length
Occurs by cell divisions in apical meristem (at top of shoot)
Secondary growth
Increase in width
Occurs by cell divisions in the lateral meristems (also known as vascular cambium)

15. Apical Meristems

16. The Shoot System: Leaves
Leaves are attached to stems at nodes
The area between 2 nodes is called an internode

17. The Shoot System: Leaves
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants
Most leaves have a flattened blade and a petiole, which is the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem

18. Primary Tissues of Leaves
Epidermis/cuticle (protection; desiccation)
Stomata (tiny pores for gas exchange and transpiration): surrounded by guard cells which open and close stomata
Mesophyll: ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis ; site where photosynthesis takes place

19. Secondary Growth
This type of growth produces thickness in stems and roots in woody plants
Two lateral meristems
vascular cambium: produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (diameter increase; annual growth rings)
cork cambium: produces thick covering that replaces the epidermis; produces cork cells; cork plus cork cambium make up the periderm (outer, protective coat)
Bark: all tissues external to vascular cambium (phloem plus periderm)

20. The formation of
“bark”

21. Tissue Systems in Plants
All 3 plant organs (root/stem/leaf) have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems
Dermal Tissue System
Outer protective covering, similar to our skin 
Protects the plant from water loss and disease
The cuticle is a waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss

22. Tissue Systems in Plants
Vascular Tissue System
Carries out long-distance transport of materials within the plant
Xylem and phloem are examples of vascular tissues
Ground Tissue System
Pith (inside vascular tissue) and cortex (outside vascular tissue) are examples of ground tissue
Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

23. Summary of primary & secondary growth in a woody a stem
PRIMARY PRIMARY LATERAL SECONDARY
MERISTEMS TISSUES MERISTEM TISSUES
Protoderm Epidermis Secondary
phloem
Primary phloem Vascular
Procambium cambium Secondary
Primary xylem xylem
Ground
meristem Ground Pith &
tissue: Cortex Cork
cambium Cork
Apical
meristem
of stem
Periderm

24. Microscope Activity You will be examining various slides of plants
In your lab notebooks, I want you to draw what you see at the 100X and 400X powers and label as many parts as you can
You may use your textbooks for aid (look at the diagrams in Ch. 35) pp