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Plant Form & Function Plant Anatomy
AP Biology Bloomington High School
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Plant Tissues Ground tissues Parenchyma Thin walls Storage
Photosynthesis Secretion
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Plant Tissues Ground tissues Collenchyma Thick, flexible walls Support
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Plant Tissues Ground tissues Sclerenchyma Thick walls Support
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Plant Tissues Dermal Tissue Epidermis Cover surface of plant
Guard cells-
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Plant Tissues Vascular Tissue Xylem Transports water & minerals
Tracheids Vessel elements
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Plant Tissues Vascular Tissue Phloem Transports food
Sieve-tube members Companion cells
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Primary vs. Secondary Growth
Primary Growth Growth in length Apical meristems Tips of roots & shoots
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Primary vs. Secondary Growth
Growth in width Lateral meristems Vascular cambium Cork cambium
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Root Tip Root cap Protects apical meristem
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Root Tip Zone of cell division Cells divide Apical meristem
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Root Tip Zone of elongation Cells absorb water & elongate
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Root Tip Zone of maturation Cells mature Perform specific functions
Cells differentiate Root hairs
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Epidermis Outer layer of cells
Provides protection
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Cortex Ground tissue May contain chloroplasts
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Pith Storage
Provides support through turgor pressure
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Vascular Bundle Xylem & phloem Occur in rings
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Vascular Bundle Bundle cap Cells
Dead Fibrous Thick walled Sclerenchyma cells Provide support
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Vascular Bundle Phloem Transports food
Sieve-tube members Long Living cells Companion cells Small Parenchyma cells
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Vascular Bundle Xylem Transports water Tracheids
Dead Thick walled Vessel elements Large diameter
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Herbaceous Dicot Stem Vascular Bundle Vascular cambium
Between xylem & phloem Cells divide to form xylem & phloem
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Woody Stem Pith
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Woody Stem Xylem Wood
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Woody Stem Xylem Wood Summer wood Spring wood Small cells Less water
Large cells More water
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Woody Stem Xylem Annual rings 1st year’s growth 2nd year’s growth
3rd year’s growth
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Woody Stem Bark Phloem Cortex
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Woody Stem Vascular cambium Between xylem & phloem
Produces new xylem & phloem cells Secondary growth
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Epidermis Absorbs water Root hairs increase surface area for water absorption In older roots provides protection
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Cortex Bulk of root Stores starch
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Vascular cylinder Stele Xylem & phloem Outlined by endodermis
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Vascular cylinder Xylem Large cells Dead Transport water & minerals
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Vascular cylinder Phloem Small cells Transport food
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Dicot Root Cross Section
Vascular cylinder Endodermis Casparian strip Waxy Forms barrier All water must pass through endodermis before entering stele
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Leaf Upper epidermis Provides protection Cuticle Waxy
Decreases water loss
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Leaf Lower epidermis Contains stomata Holes
Allow CO2 in & O2 & H2O out Surrounded by guard cells
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Leaf Palisade mesophyll Parenchyma cells Tightly packed Photosynthesis
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Leaf Spongy mesophyll Parenchyma cells Loosely arranged Photosynthesis
Air spaces
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Leaf Vascular bundle Veins Xylem (red) & phloem (green)
Bundle sheath cells surround bundles
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