1. Plants
Monocots vs Dicots

2. Seed
Monocots have one thin leaf inside the seed coat and it DOES NOT encompass the endosperm
Dicots have TWO seed leaves that surround the endosperm and the seeds are usually round and flat

3. Germination
Germination produces a single, long and narrow leaf in monocots. It is similar to the shape of the adult leaf. Some may be small and rounded, but there will still only be one
Dicots produce two fat seed leaves - fatter than the adult leaves because they contain the nutrition for the new plant

4. Stems and Roots
Short and stringy roots with Bulbs (formations from the stem) are present. The stems are fleshy and they do NOT get thicker from one year to the next. Vascular bundles are spread randomly in the stem
The root is often a long taproot with smaller (new) roots growing out of it. The stem is tough and grows wider with successive years and the vascular bundles are in a ring

5. Leaves
Monocots have long and narrow leaves with parallel veins that run up and down the leaf, or they are parallel from the central vein
Dicots have a variety of leaf shape and veination net-like from the central midrib

6. Flowers
the organs, (parts) of the flower are in threes. There are usually the same number of stamens as petals
The flowers have parts that are in fours or fives and the calyx is usually green

7. Seedpods
The seedpods of monocots have three parts and there are large fleshy seeds inside.
Seedpods are variable in dicots with a greater number of seeds present than in a monocot

11. Stem Tissues

12. Tissues
Vascular - tissues which are conducting, allowing the flow of fluids and nutrients
Types are Xylem (water, minerals) and Phloem (sugars) - they are arranged in bundles with Cambium in between which will produce new cells of both allowing for the plant to thicken. They transport the fluids and nutrients from the root to the leaf
Meristem is undifferentiated cells which give rise to various organs - vascular tissue, flowers, leaves. They are filled with cytoplasm and few organelles
In woody plants the vascular bundles are protected by cork cambium between the phloem - the outer cortex breaks through the epidermis - bark!

15. Leaf Tissue

17. Leaf Tissues and functions
the photosynthetic organs
the upper epidermis is a protective single layer of cells covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss from the upper surface that is exposed to sunlight and heat
The mesophyll is in the mid-section and consists of two types of tissue - Pallisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma
Pallisade tightly packed columnar cells with lots of chloroplasts and is the main photosynthetic tissue
spongy parenchyma are irregularly shaped and allow the gases to circulate as they enter from the stomata and guard cells on the underside of the leaf

18. Water and minerals are drawn up from the roots through the xylem (dead structure) - vascular tissues, and transpiration occurs through the leaf to the atmosphere while phloem (living cells) transports the sugars back down to all parts of the plant

19. Modifications Bulbs - modified leaf bases food storage
scaly leaf bases that encircle the storage center of the bulb
modified stem found at the base of the root from which the roots grow
new stems and leaves arise from the upper side of the base

21. Stem tubers - modified stems that have food (nutrients) storage in large swollen structures on the stem extensions in the ground
Allows for survival of harsh conditions - winter
Used for asexual reproduction as new plants grow from these stem tubers

22. Storage roots like carrots, are modified roots that store food and allow the plant to survive adverse conditions

23. Tendrils are modified leaves that are very thin and they extend out and wrap around a solid structure allowing the plants to grow upwards. Grape vines, peas and my favorite flower the sweet pea all have tendrils

24. Meristem

25. Meristem - Totipotent cells
These cells have not yet differentiated into specific functions and are found in several places in the plant
They allow for the continuous growth of plants and the formation of new organs like roots, branches and leaves

26. Apical Meristems Lateral Meristems
found at the tips of roots and shoots to allow growth of roots in length and stems taller and form leaves and flowers
Important to increase anchorage of the plant and get nutrients plus increase photosynthesis - closer to the sun and more leaves
apical meristems increase is called primary growth
this is called secondary growth
it results in the thickening of the plant, increasing its diameter
it results from cell division in the lateral meristems
also produces extra xylem and phloem
gives the plant stability so it can grow taller

28. Homework
Complete the activities up and including #6. Print or save your answers to the quiz

29. Tropisms