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Plant Structure Chapter 35
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Angiosperms Monocots Seed one cotyledon (seed leaf)
Leaves parallel veins Roots fibrous Vascular tissue scattered Flower parts 3’s or multiples of 3’s Bulbs, grasses, grains, orchids
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Angiosperms Dicots (eudicots) Seed with 2 cotyledon (seed leaf)
Leaves with network of veins Taproot Vascular tissue arranged in a ring Flowers in groups of 4 & 5 or multiples Annuals, trees, shrubs, roses, peas
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Angiosperms
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Plant cells 1. Parenchyma cells Large vacuoles Thin walled
Make & store organic products Fleshy tissue of most fruit
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Plant cells 2. Collenchyma cells Support organs
Allows stems to bend & not break
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Plant cells 3. Sclerenchyma cells Supporting elements of plant
More rigid
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4.Water-conducting cells
Xylem Move water & minerals Vessel members (elements) Continuous tubes Tracheids Tapered ends Thick walled Wood is secondary xylem
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Xylem
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5. Sugar-conducting cells
Phloem Sieve cells Sieve-tube members (elements) Conduct carbohydrates Move away from where formed (source) To where needed or stored (sink)
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5. Sugar-conducting cells
Companion cells: Next to sieve-tube cells Plasmodesmata: Connection between cells
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Phloem
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Tissue types 1. Dermal tissue Epidermis (primary growth)
One cell layer thick Outer protective layer Cuticle wax cover-water loss Periderm (secondary growth) Replaces epidermis in woody plants
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Dermal tissue Trichomes Shoot epidermis “fuzzy” Minimize evaporation
Plant defense
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Dermal tissue Root hairs Behind root tips Increase surface area
Absorption
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Tissue type 2. Vascular tissue Transport Xylem & phloem
3. Ground tissue Parenchyma cells Storage, photosynthesis, support
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Tissues
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Organs Root Stem Leaves
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Root Anchors the plant Absorbs nutrients Water & ions
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Roots Tap root One large root with small roots Lateral root
Branched roots Adventitious root Root grows from another part of plant Fibrous root Mat of thin roots
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Root
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Root
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Root
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Lateral roots
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Stem Positions & supports leaves Node: Leave attachment Internode:
Area on stem between nodes
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Stem Terminal bud: Bud at end where apical meristem Axillary bud:
Bud along stem may be a branch
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Leaf Extension of shoot Photosynthesis Blade (flattened)
Stalk (petiole) mostly eudicots
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Leaf Stomata: Tiny pores Guard cells: Specialized epidermal cells
Regulate opening Transpiration: Evaporation of water
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Leaf Surface covered with epidermis Mesophyll: Ground tissue
Between epidermis layers Contains veins (vascular bundles)
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Leaf Palisade mesophyll: Closest to upper epidermis
Tightly packed cells Chloroplasts Spongy mesophyll: Loosely arranged Contains air spaces
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Leaf
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Growth Meristems: Embryonic tissues Similar to stem cells
One cell remains meristematic Give rise to other tissues Apical meristems Cell division Elongation of roots & stems (tips)
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Meristems
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Fig Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Growth
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Secondary growth Secondary tissues: Lateral meristems
Vascular cambium (xylem-wood, phloem) Cork cambium Secondary growth-increases girth
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Secondary growth
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Stem Fig Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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