1. Chapter 19 GLOBAL POLICY

2. Learning Outcomes 19.1 Compare the constitutional authority over foreign policy granted to the executive branch with that of the legislative branch. 19.2 Identify the executive branch agencies that formulate foreign policy and describe the principal functions of each. 19.3 Trace the evolution of American foreign policy from isolationism to globalism and identify the factors that have shaped the direction of that policy. Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 2

3. Learning Outcomes 19.4 Describe the influence of the global issues of investment and trade, human rights, and the environment on U.S. foreign and domestic policy. 19.5 Explain the relationship between U.S. foreign policy and both the majoritarian and pluralist models of democracy. Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 3

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5. Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context  Constitutional Bases of Presidential Authority in Foreign Policy  Article II of Constitution Provides Presidential Powers  Is commander in chief of armed forces  Has power to make treaties (with consent of Senate)  Appoints U.S. ambassadors and heads of executive departments (with consent of Senate)  Receives (or refuses to receive) ambassadors from other countries Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 5

6. Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context  Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy  Congress is empowered to:  Legislate  Declare war  Raise revenue and dispense funds  Call out state militias to repel invasions  Regulate commerce with foreign nations  Define and punish piracy and offenses against law of nations Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 6

7. Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context  Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy (cont.)  The Senate and Major Treaties  Senate rarely rejects a treaty, some historically significant  One major defeat–rejected U.S. membership in League of Nations  Most recent defeat: rejection of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1999 Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 7

8. Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context  Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy (cont.)  Skirting the Senate Through Executive Agreements  Presidents make pacts with executive agreements  Have the force of law, but do not require Senate approval  Must conform to Constitution, laws of Congress, and existing treaties  May involve minor bureaucratic business or issues unlikely to win Senate approval Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 8

9. Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context  Constitutional Roots of Statutory Power in Foreign Policy  Presidential responsibilities conferred by Congress  Discretionary funds  Commitment of troops in emergency situations  Last declared war ended in 1945 yet over 100,000 American troops have died in various locations  War Powers Resolution passed in 1973, requiring president to consult Congress Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 9

10. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Department of State  Formulates, executes and monitors U.S. foreign policy  Secretary of State: highest-ranking person in president’s cabinet  Staffed by political appointees and permanent employees selected under the civil service merit system Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 10

11. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Department of Defense  In 1947, Congress replaced War Department and Department of the Navy with Department of Defense  Defense Secretary – a civilian  Supervises civilian secretaries of each military branch Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 11

12. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The National Security Council (NSC)  Group of advisors who help president to coordinate details of domestic, foreign, and military affairs related to national security  Statutory members: president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, and other members designated by president Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 12

13. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Intelligence Community  16 agencies in executive branch make up Intelligence Community  Two most prominent  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – Independent agency  National Security Agency (NSA) – Part of Department of Defense Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 13

14. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Intelligence Community (cont’d)  The Director of National Intelligence  Coordinates operations of all sixteen agencies  In response to 9/11 Report, Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004  Hasn’t been very successful Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 14

15. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Intelligence Community (cont.)  The Central Intelligence Agency  Created after WWII to gather intelligence about actions and intentions of foreign powers  Empowered to “perform other functions and duties” related to national security  Considerable controversy over CIA’s covert intelligence operations  After 9/11, some accused CIA of neglecting covert intelligence activities and blamed director Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 15

16. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  The Intelligence Community (cont.)  The National Security Agency  Created in 1952  Highly secret operations  More employees and larger budget than CIA  Uses supercomputers, satellites, and other high-tech equipment for foreign electronic surveillance Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 16

17. Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast  Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy  Many government agencies provide input in foreign policy decisions  Others charged with domestic policy oversight have foreign policy concerns  Department of Agriculture  Department of Commerce  Department of Energy  As social and economic issues become more globally, expect new and increased in agency involvement Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 17

18. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  Emerging from Isolationism  Monroe Doctrine of 1823  WWI: first meaningful participation in European politics  WWII dramatically changed America’s orientation toward the rest of the world  U.S. emerged as a superpower and national security interests extended across the world Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 18

19. Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 19 The Same in Any Language

20. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  Cold War and Containment  U.S. waged a Cold War against Soviets on policy of containment  U.S. relied on weapons superiority to implement policy of nuclear deterrence  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  Buildup of nuclear weapons led to mutual assured destruction (MAD) situation Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 20

21. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  Vietnam and the Challenge to the Cold War Consensus  Soviets supported several “wars of national liberation”  U.S. moved to strengthen noncommunist institutions in South Vietnam to prevent Soviet takeover  Nixon Doctrine overhauled foreign policy  Policy of détente ended decades of U.S. hostility towards China  Carter downplayed Soviet threat and was criticized for being overly idealistic Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 21

22. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  The End of the Cold War  President Reagan refocused U.S. attention on Soviet Union in 1981  Policy of peace through strength included increased defense spending  Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 22

23. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  Foreign Policy Without the Cold War  Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait threatened U.S. ally and oil supply  President George H.W. Bush put together coalition to counterattack  President Clinton: policy of enlargement and engagement Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 23

24. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  The Hot War on Terrorism  President George W. Bush  September 11 attacks transformed his presidency  Developed doctrine of preemptive action and attacked Iraq, toppling Saddam Hussein  President Obama called Iraq war a “war of choice” (Bush’s choice) and quickly implemented an exit strategy  By 2009, most Americans who initially favored the war opposed it Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 24

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26. A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy  From Foreign Policy to Global Policy  After Cold War, U.S. foreign policy took a more global focus  Most prominent global organization: United Nations  193 members Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 26

27. Global Policy Issue Areas  Nations Today: More Interdependent  Many issues cross borders, blending domestic and international concerns  In addition to terrorism, globalization involves fighting five other festering wars  Illegal international trade  Drugs  Arms  Transportation of aliens  Theft of intellectual property Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 27

28. Global Policy Issue Areas  Investment and Trade  U.S. no longer dominates world economy  Dollar played key role in underwriting economic recovery in Europe and Asia  During 1990s, U.S. became dependent on foreign investment, owning our national debt  New concern about sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)  Investments made more for political reasons than economic reasons  U.S. dependence on oil imports: economic problem Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 28

29. Global Policy Issue Areas  Investment and Trade (cont.)  As foreign trade became more important to U.S., policy responses needed  Several options available:  Free trade  Fair trade  Protectionism Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 29

30. Global Policy Issue Areas  Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid  Western democracies willing to wage war to protect human rights  Big emerging markets (BEMs) have questionable human rights records  U.S. pursues policy objectives through:  Favorable trade terms  Development aid  Debt forgiveness  Loans with favorable credit terms Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 30

31. Now What? Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 31

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33. Global Policy Issue Areas  The Environment  Environmental issues are a challenge for foreign policy makers  Biodiversity  Climate change (global warming)  Example of freedom vs. order Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 33

34. The Public and Global Policy  The Public and the Majoritarian Model  Majoritarian model posits that national foreign policy should conform to public opinion  Studies show average citizen is able to form coherent, reasonable views but public opinion has public opinion has little unique effect on foreign policy  Most important direct effect from internationally-minded business organizations and their leaders  Findings fit with pluralist model of policy making Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 34

35. The Public and Global Policy  Interest Groups and the Pluralist Model  Nature of politics in a global society made under pluralist model, in which government responds to competing groups  Interest groups represent their interests and influence on issues, focusing attention on foreign policy leaders  Lobbying more effective with noncrisis issues  More effective maintaining the status quo than influencing policy changes  Global policies often respond to new events abroad Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 35