1. Christian Europe
Describe the political development of Europe after the fall of Rome. What factors led to the development of feudalism?
Who were the Vikings and what effect did they have on Europe?
Describe the political and religious significance of the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
What are the root causes of the split between the Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) churches?
What were the causes and impact of the Crusades?

2. I. Fall of Rome 476 CE Rome falls to Visigoth invaders
Centralized government disappears
Loss of Greek and Roman learning and common language
Transportation, trade and communication halts

3. II. Long Term Effects Constant warfare/invasions
Cities abandoned as economic/political centers
Population becomes rural: Political, economic, cultural change in W. Europe
Feudalism develops

4. III. Stages of Middle Ages
( ): No unity. Several small kingdoms form: Franks, Visigoths, Saxons
Viking raids begin
William the Conqueror invades England 1066

7. (750-814)- Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne (747-814) prevents Muslims from invading W. Europe.
Some strength/unity but still quite fragmented

8. 3. ( )- Carolingian Empire falls apart and feudalism becomes dominant social and political system

9. KINGS KNIGHTS NOBLES(LORDS) PESANTS/SERFS
Divides and distributes land (feifdoms)
Pledges loyalty
Sends military
when requested
NOBLES(LORDS)
Pledges loyalty
Serves in noble’s military
Provides shelter, protection and means to produce food (serfs)
KNIGHTS
Provides shelter, protection and land
Farms the land
Pays rent and taxes
PESANTS/SERFS

14. Social Structure
Nobles- wealthy ruling class that owned all the land: kings, lords, knights
Serfs- largest but poorest part of population. Did most of labor.
Freemen- lived in town; craftsmen who made/sold goods. Not naturally part of feudal system.

15. Manorial System
Large estates that were able to meet all of their own needs
Smaller farmers ceded land to nobles for protection
Made up of fields, small town w/ a mill and workshops, a church, and castle

17. 4. (1050-1300)- Rise of national monarchs brings some stability
Agricultural revolution allows for population increase
Commercial revival: Trade starts up again, cities are repopulated

18. IV. Western Church Headed by pope
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor (962) in attempt to combine religious/political power
Investiture Controversy: rulers/popes disagreed over appointing bishops
Monasticism-
Celibacy, devotion to prayer, isolation
Monasteries were centers of learning, inns, refuge for widows

19. V. Byzantine Empire Emperor was head of church: Patriarch
Foreign threats:
Sassanids (Iran)
Muslim Arabs take Syria, Egypt, and Tunisia
Schism split w/ Western Church
Constantinople: well-supplied but rural areas suffered
Body of Civil Law (Corpus Juris Civilis)- later became basis for W. European civil law

20. VI. Kievan Russia Poor land- wealth depended on trade
Major cities: Kiev and Novgorod
Vladimir I (980) adopted Orthodox Christianity

21. VII. Crusades (1100-1250) Causes: Impact:
Religious zeal- wanted to liberate Holy Land
Knights willing to fight for church
Desire for land by Euro. Nobility
Trade interests
Impact:
Ended Europe’s intellectual isolation! Examples?