1. Hinduism Main Idea Objectives:
The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and practices and to other religions, including Jainism.
Objectives:
Explore the basic teachings of Hinduism.
Identify the sacred texts and religious practices of Hinduism. Investigate the teachings of Jainism.

2. Basic Teachings of Hinduism
One of the world’s oldest religions, Hinduism, is practiced by most people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of many peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are shared by nearly all Hindus.
Among most basic tenets of Hinduism, belief in Brahman, eternal being that created, preserves world
Brahman all-encompassing
Many believe human mind incapable of understanding
Brahman
Hindus believe each person has atman, soul, aspect of Brahman
Atman shapes personality, cannot be destroyed, even by death
Devas, manifestations of Brahman, active in world, helping maintain order in nature
Atman
Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are particularly influential. Some believe in thousands; others worship only one as the true manifestation of Brahman.

3. Rebirth and Salvation Pattern of Life
Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern of birth, death, and rebirth
After death atman reborn in process called reincarnation, or samsara
New Life
Nature of person’s new life shaped by karma—sum effect of deeds, actions
Good karma, reincarnated to better station in life; bad karma, lower station in life
Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape from cycle of rebirth
Dharma
With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with Brahman
To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s dharma—spiritual duties, obligations
By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma, breaks free from rebirth cycle

5. Sacred Texts and Practices
Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of sacred writings produced over centuries.
Teachings, practices based on many texts, most sorted into one of three categories
The Vedas
Later writings inspired by the Vedas
Sacred epics
The Vedas, sacred hymns of praise, among earliest sacred texts of Hinduism
Sacred Texts
Name means “knowledge” in Sanskrit
Hindus consider Vedas to contain eternal knowledge not written by humans, revealed to them by Brahman
Parts of Vedas date back more than 3,000 years
Considered core of Hinduism even today
The Vedas

6. Jainism
New Religion
500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion called Jainism
Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too much emphasis on ritual
Ritual Unnecessary
Jains thought ritual unnecessary
People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, carefully controlling actions
Nonviolence
Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence
Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent
Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually vegetarians

7. Social Structure Social Structure Varnas Castes Social Hierarchy
According to oldest of the Vedas, the Rigveda, Vedic society divided into four social classes, varnas
Each played particular role in society
People of four varnas created from body of single being
Social Structure
Part of body from which each varna created tied to its duties
Brahmins came from mouth, source of speech, wisdom; were priests
Kshatriyas: warriors, rulers
Vaisyas: common people, farmers
Sudras: servants
Varnas
Over centuries, four varnas of Vedic period divided into hundreds of smaller castes
Membership in caste determined what jobs one could hold, whom one could marry
Castes
Social hierarchy developed, some castes had more privileges than others
Not everyone belonged to a caste
Untouchables had no protection of caste law, could perform only jobs that other castes did not
Social Hierarchy

9. Buddhism Main Idea Objectives:
Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the suffering of the world through the Buddha’s teachings, developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and the world.
Objectives:
Explore how the early life of the Buddha lead to the beginnings of Buddhism.
Recognize the major teachings of Buddhism.
Identify what areas were affected by the spread of Buddhism.

10. The Teachings of Buddhism
After enlightenment achieved, Siddhartha Gautama or the Buddha meditated at Bodh Gaya seven weeks
Set out to spread to others what he had learned
Lessons became basic teachings of Buddhism
Among ideas learned in meditation, central truths, called Four Noble Truths
Buddhist Beliefs
Suffering part of human life
Suffering from people’s desires for pleasure, material goods
Overcoming desires during life eventually brings end to suffering
Desires can be overcome by following Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths

11. Eightfold Path Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation
Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths
Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things
Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words
Right action, or treating others fairly
Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others
Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself
Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one
Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort while meditating

12. The Dharmacakra, "Wheel of Dharma", a symbol for the 8 Fold Path

13. Nirvana
The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path could attain nirvana
State of perfect peace in which soul freed from suffering forever
Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of suffering again
Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle Way—living in moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in search for nirvana

14. The Spread of Buddhism
Unlike Hinduism, which largely remained an Indian religion, Buddhism spread into other parts of the world. Today, more than 350 million people are Buddhists, most of them concentrated in Asia. Relatively few people in India are Buddhists today.
Buddhist community in India grew throughout Buddha’s life
Followers spread teachings after Buddha’s death
Teachings not written down until first century BC; helped preserve, spread teachings throughout India
Buddhism in India
200s BC, Buddhism reached peak in India during reign of emperor Ashoka
Ashoka became Buddhist, helped spread Buddhism into all parts of India
Ashoka
Ashoka also encouraged missionaries to carry the Buddha’s message to lands outside of India.

15. Buddhism Beyond India Traders
Ashoka sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, large island off India’s southern coast, and north to lands along Himalayas, east into lands of Southeast Asia
Buddhism took firm hold in kingdoms that eventually became Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, islands of Indonesia
Traders
Trade also helped spread Buddhism beyond India
200s BC, merchants traveling routes from India to Central Asia introduced Buddhist teachings
Traders from Central, Southeast Asia took Buddhist teachings into China, slowly spreading, blending with native Chinese philosophies

16. Changing Buddhism As Buddhism encountered other religious traditions outside of India it continued to change and develop. Because of this blending, various smaller traditions developed within Theravada and Mahayana a branch of Mahayana known as --Zen emphasizes self-discipline and meditation. Buddhism today is a very diverse religion with a wide range of adherents and practices

18. Is Buddhism a Religion?
The Dalai Lama states: "From one viewpoint, Buddhism is a religion, from another viewpoint Buddhism is a science of mind and not a religion. Buddhism can be a bridge between these two sides. Therefore, with this conviction I try to have closer ties with scientists, mainly in the fields of cosmology, psychology, neurobiology and physics. In these fields there are insights to share, and to a certain extent we can work together.”