1. Growth and Development of Infants

2. Patterns of Physical Development
Head to toe
Lift head to see object
Muscle control: pick up
Walk towards
Near to far: trunk outward
Wave arms
Grab with palm of hand
Pick up with thumb and fingers
Simple to complex
Eating with fingers
Spoon and fork

3. Weight Lose some after birth 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months
1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months
Birth weight:
Doubled by 6 month
Tripled by 1 yr
20-22 lbs: avg. wt. of 1 yr old
Heredity, feeding habits, and physical activity

4. Height Avg newborn =20 inches Avg 1 year =30 inches
Heredity: influences height more than weight

5. Proportion Large: head and abdomen Short/small: arms and legs
Head grows rapidly b/c brain development
Soft spots allow head to grow and close

6. 1st Year Physical Developments

7. Sight: Improves Rapidly
Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7-10 inches away
1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away
By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an adult
Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces
alternating stripes, bull’s eyes
Prefer color red

8. Depth Perception
2nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, not flat

9. Hand-Eye Coordination
Develop hand-eye coordination:
Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen
3-4 months: reach for what they see
Essential for:
Eating
Catching a ball
Coloring
Tying shoes

10. Hearing develops before birth
At birth, can tell general direction sound is coming from
Prefer human voice
soothing voice calms
loud voice alarms

11. Smell and Taste Within 10 days can tell mom’s smell
Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old
show preference for sweet taste
Learn about world by using mouth

12. Voice Cry becomes softer as lungs mature
Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords
Tongue and mouth interior change making speech development possible

13. Teeth Begin to develop in 6th week of pregnancy
Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of age
Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)
Teething can be painful process
Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for liquid, coughing, and fever
how to help minor teething pain:
teething biscuits or rubber teething rings
rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily
teething medication

14. Motor Skills Abilities that depend on use and control of muscles
Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical development
Control head by 1 month
2-3 months can lift their chest
By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for learning

15. GROSS MOTOR: FINE MOTOR:
Gross motor skills - development of large muscles and the ability to move from place to place or do physical activities that involve the large muscles of the body, arms and legs.
Fine motor skills - development of small muscles and the ability to control use of the hands and feet, and do activities that involve the small muscles of the fingers, toes and other parts of the body.
GROSS MOTOR:
growth occurs first in a child's torso (trunk of the body).
Rolls from back to side or tummy
Sits alone
Reaches for a parent with arms
Crawls about on the floor
Pulls self to a sitting position
Pulls self up to stand next to a support (couch)
Stands alone with support
Takes steps alone with support, then without support
-Walks backward
Crawls up stairs with support
FINE MOTOR:
Reaches for dangling objects or toys
Grasps object using palm and fingers
Passes a toy or object between hands
Puts objects in mouth to explore
Uses a pincer grasp (thumb and finger) to hold food or object
Grasps and uses toys to play or keep attention
Reaches for objects, such as a spoon to feed self

16. Comparing Emotional and Social Development
Emotional Development is the process of learning to recognize and express one’s feelings and to establish one’s identity as a unique person
Healthy emotional development leads to a person that can handle stress, shows empathy towards others, and has self-confidence 
Social Development is the process of learning to interact with others and to express oneself to others
Healthy social development leads to a person who shows tolerance for others, can communicate well with others, and listen to different points of view before acting
Both social and emotional development are connected
Influences include bond between parent and child, atmosphere of home, and temperament of child

17. Attachment Babies have a need for physical contact
Attachment- bond between parent and child
Requires more than physical contact, there should be interaction as well
A gentle massage can soothe a baby and promote bonding
A baby who is left alone most of the time except for physical care may fail to respond to people and objects
Research from Baylor University: abused and neglected children had brains 20-30% smaller than average
Infants smiles can fade, cries weaken, and can become withdrawn when no attention or encouragement is offered 
Failure to Thrive- baby does not grow and develop properly 
How you care for a baby helps build trust
Keep fed, dry, warm vs. rigid schedule of feeding and no comforting when crying

18. A Baby Who Cries Needs Attention and Care:
Is there a physical problem?
Diaper change or hungry?
Too cold or too hot?
If the baby does not need any of these, the baby needs comfort

19. Comfort Measures to Try
Cuddle with baby in a rocking chair
Move the baby to a new position
Talk softly to the baby or sing
Offer a toy to interest and distract the baby
Stroke the baby’s back to give comfort

20. Tips for Good Sleep Habits
Get into a routine
A bath helps- try lavender baby lotion afterwards
Try swaddling young infants/newborns
Babies like a dimly lit cool(but comfortable) room
Try playing music
Rocking usually helps

21. Self-Comforting Techniques
Suck on a pacifier, thumb, or fist
pacifier safety:
never tie pacifier to a string and hang around baby’s neck
check for cuts and tears
clean often
Blanket or stuffed toy

22. Signs of Social Development in Infancy
The first days of life- babies respond to human voices 
One month- usually stop crying when lifted or touched, face brightens when sees a familiar face
Two months- smile at people, enjoy watching people
Three months- turn head in response to a voice, want companionship and physical care
Four months-laugh out loud, look to others for entertainment
Five months- show interest in other family members, cry when left alone in room, start to babble
Six months- love company and attention
Seven months- prefer parents over other family members or strangers
Eight months- prefer to be in a room with other people, can usually crawl
Nine to ten months- active socially, love attention
Eleven and twelve months- friendly and happy, sensitive to emotions around them, like to be the center of attention

23. Learning in the First Year
Hear, see, taste, smell, and feel are the building blocks of learning for infants
A baby’s ability to learn from the senses is called perception
Ex: newborn sees object, 3 month old realizes that it’s three dimensional, then develops hand-eye coordination to grasp and handle object

24. 4 abilities that show a baby’s growing and thinking power in the first year of life:
1. Remembering- information from the senses is interpreted
ex: baby stops crying when someone comes in the room because he knows that he is likely to be picked up
2. Making associations- linking two things together 
ex: baby associates parent with receiving comfort
3. Understanding cause and effect- the idea that one action results in another action or condition
ex: baby shuts his eyes, it gets dark; baby opens his eyes, it get light again
As motor skills develop, cause and effect learning changes
can pull string on a toy to make it move
they have an understanding of their own power to make things happen
Babies learn by repetition
baby drops a bowl on the floor from the high chair to be sure that every time it hits the ground
parents can become frustrated

25. 4. Paying attention- a baby’s attention span grows longer
attention span- the length of time a person can concentrate on a task without getting bored
if an object is presented over and over again, the baby’s response will become less enthusiastic
bright babies have a short attention span- they tend to lose interest sooner than babies of average or below average intelligence
beyond infancy, children with above average intelligence have a longer attention span

26. Milestones of Language Development
1-6 months: coos, gurgles, and squeals; experiments different sounds by changing the shape of the mouth
7-12 months: respond to their name, add actions to words such as “bye-bye”; connect words to meanings
13-18 months: vocabulary grows and can use words in combinations such as “no nap”
18 months-2 years: can learn 12 words a day, use words to express feelings
2-2 ½ years: construct 3 and 4 word sentences, use pronouns
2 ½ -3 years: speak in longer sentences, use past and present tenses, use plurals, understand that order of words can affect the meaning in a sentence

28. Activity You are looking for a child care provider for your infant.
What are three things that you will look for when choosing your provider?
Make a list with three questions that you will ask the potential caregivers when you interview them.